TY - JOUR T1 - Bilirubin oxidase-based silica macrocellular robust catalyst for on line dyes degradation JF - Enzyme and Microbial Technology Y1 - 2019 A1 - Roucher, Armand A1 - Roussarie, Elodie A1 - Gauvin, Régis M. A1 - Rouhana, Jad A1 - Gounel, Sébastien A1 - Stines-Chaumeil, Claire A1 - Mano, Nicolas A1 - Backov, Renal AB -

We present a new heterogeneous biocatalyst based on the grafting of Bilirubin Oxidase from Bacillus pumilus into macrocellular Si(HIPE) materials dedicated to water treatment. Due to the host intrinsic high porosity and monolithic character, on-line catalytic process is reached. We thus used this biocatalyst toward uni-axial flux decolorization of Congo Red and Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBBR) at two different pH (4 and 8.2), both in presence or absence of redox mediator. In absence of redox mediators, 40% decolorization efficiency was reached within 24 h at pH 4 for Congo Red and 80% for RBBR at pH 8.2 in 24 h. In presence of 10 mu M ABTS, it respectively attained 100% efficiency after 2h and 12h. We have also demonstrated that non-toxic species were generated upon dyes decolorization. These results show that unlike laccases, this new biocatalyst exhibits excellent decolorization properties over a wide range of pH. Beyond, this enzymatic-based heterogeneous catalyst can be reused during two months being simply stored at room temperature while maintaining its decolorization efficiency. This study shows that this biocatalyst is a promising and robust candidate toward wastewater treatments, both in acidic and alkaline conditions where in the latter efficient decolorization strategies were still missing.

VL - 120 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141022918303466 JO - Enzyme and Microbial Technology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bitumen@SiO2 core-shell particles green synthesis towards flowable powdered bitumen and their binder applications JF - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Y1 - 2019 A1 - Anaclet, Pauline A1 - Depardieu, Martin A1 - Laurichesse, Eric A1 - Julien, Viviane A1 - Hung, Yvong A1 - Schmitt, Veronique A1 - Backov, Renal AB -

Mineralization of occulated bitumen emulsions allows producing bitumen powders, also referred to as Bitumen@SiO2 hybrid particles, that can resist storage in hard conditions, with a load up to 8 kPa at 50 °C during 20 h, without alteration of their morphology or release of their bitumen core. Thanks to the occulation, nal Bitumen@SiO2 powders are not highly pulverulent and allow transportation and handling of bitumen at ambient temperature without the need of water as it is the case for bitumen emulsions. This “water free” storage par- ticularity exhibits the double advantage of reducing the cost of transport and of avoiding inhibition of bitumen adhesion at mineral aggregates through the presence of water, therefore rendering the bitumen its high quality of binder. The silica shell is responsible for the high storage stability and, when mixed with aggregates for end use of asphalt, as for example in pavement applications, serves as mineral charge to the bitumen, modifying the bitumen ow properties. Indeed, when heated at 100 °C and crushed, the capsules break releasing thus the bitumen. This suspension made of bitumen and silica shell fragments exhibits an interesting shear-thinning behavior that can be attributed to the presence of the remnant fragments. Indeed, when shell fragments have been transferred into a silicon oil, initially exhibiting a Newtonian behavior, the mixture of fragments and oil also exhibited a shear thinning rheogram demonstrating the e ect of the silica shell fragments. The bene t of such a behavior modi cation is the possibility to reduce or avoid the usual addition of llers. Passive adhesion has been tested by generating asphalt concretes with Bitumen@SiO2 powders and showed high stability.

VL - 570 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0927775719302420 JO - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bulk Photodriven CO2 Conversion through TiO2@Si(HIPE) Monolithic Macrocellular Foams JF - Advanced Functional Materials Y1 - 2019 A1 - Bernadet, Sophie A1 - Tavernier, Eugénie A1 - Ta, Duc-Minh A1 - Vallée, Renaud A. L. A1 - Ravaine, Serge A1 - Fécant, Antoine A1 - Backov, Renal AB -

Operating photo‐induced reactions exclusively on catalyst surfaces while not exploiting the full catalyst volume generates a major footprint penalty for the photocatalytic reactor and leads to an inefficient use of the catalytic material. Photonic investigations clearly show that the solid foams have a strongly multidiffusive character, with photons being significantly trapped within the sample cores while addressing a photon mean free path lt = 20.1 ± 1.3 µm. This 3D process both greatly limits back‐reactions and promotes outstanding selectivity toward methane (around 80%) generation, and even ethane (around 18%) through C‐C coupling reaction, with residual carbon monoxide and dihydrogen contents (around 2%). Silica–titania TiO2@Si(HIPE) self‐standing macrocellular catalysts lead to optimal efficient thicknesses up to 20 times those of powders, thereby enhancing the way for real 3D‐photodriven catalytic processes above the millimeter scale and up to a 6 mm thickness. A rather simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood based kinetic model is proposed which highlights the strong dependence of photocatalytic reaction rates on light scattering and the crucial role on oxidation back‐reactions. In addition, a strong correlation between light attenuation coefficient and photon mean free path and median pore aperture diameter is demonstrated, offering thus a tool for photocatalytic behavior prediction.

VL - 3 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/adfm.201807767 JO - Adv. Funct. Mater. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cutting floating single-walled carbon nanotubes with a ‘CO2 blade’ JF - Carbon Y1 - 2019 A1 - Tian, Ying A1 - Wei, Nan A1 - Laiho, Patrik A1 - Ahmad, Saeed A1 - Yann Magnin A1 - Liao, Yongping A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Jiang, Hua A1 - Kauppinen, Esko I. AB -

Uniform ultra-short (< 100 nm) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with properties of rich chemistry, high dispersity and easy manipulation, are of great importance for constructing novel nanostructures and highly integrated miniature devices. Herein, we report a recent breakthrough in cutting long SWCNTs into uniform ultra-short segments in gas-phase using CO2 as a 'blade.' SWCNTs synthesized by an aerosol reactor are directly introduced into a second reactor for gaseous cutting. The quality and the number concentration of shortened SWCNTs are enhanced after the gas-phase cutting process. Moreover, the growth and cutting of SWCNTs are accomplished in a continuous gas-phase process, thus allows direct dry deposition of ultra-short SWCNTs as individual macromolecules or thin films onto various substrates for multiple applications. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

VL - 143 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008622318310558 JO - Carbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fiber plucking by molecular motors yields large emergent contractility in stiff biopolymer networks JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2019 A1 - Ronceray, Pierre A1 - Broedersz, Chase P. A1 - Lenz, Martin AB -

The mechanical properties of the cell depend crucially on the tension of its cytoskeleton, a biopolymer network that is put under stress by active motor proteins. While the fibrous nature of the network is known to strongly affect the transmission of these forces to the cellular scale, our understanding of this process remains incomplete. Here we investigate the transmission of forces through the network at the individual filament level, and show that active forces can be geometrically amplified as a transverse motor-generated force "plucks'' the fiber and induces a nonlinear tension. In stiff and densely connected networks, this tension results in large network-wide tensile stresses that far exceed the expectation drawn from a linear elastic theory. This amplification mechanism competes with a recently characterized network-level amplification due to fiber buckling, suggesting that that fiber networks provide several distinct pathways for living systems to amplify their molecular forces.

VL - 15 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8SM00979Ahttp://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/SM/C8SM00979A IS - 7 JO - Soft Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Grains3D, a flexible DEM approach for particles of arbitrary convex shape—Part III: extension to non-convex particles modelled as glued convex particles JF - Computational Particle Mechanics Y1 - 2019 A1 - Rakotonirina, Andriarimina Daniel A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Wachs, Anthony KW - Granular flow; Discrete element method; Non-convex shape; GJK algorithm; Glued convex AB -

Large-scale numerical simulation using the discrete element method (DEM) contributes to improving our understanding of granular flow dynamics involved in many industrial processes and geophysical flows. In industry, it leads to an enhanced design and an overall optimization of the corresponding equipment and process. Most of the DEM simulations in the literature have been performed using spherical particles. A limited number of studies dealt with non-spherical particles, even less with non-convex particles. Even convex bodies do not always represent the real shape of certain particles. In fact, more complex-shaped particles are found in many industrial applications, for example, catalytic pellets in chemical reactors or crushed glass debris in recycling processes. In Grains3D-Part I (Wachs et al. in Powder Technol 224:374-389, 2012), we addressed the problem of convex shape in granular simulations, while in Grains3D-Part II (Rakotonirina and Wachs in Powder Technol 324:18-35, 2018), we suggested a simple though efficient parallel strategy to compute systems with up to a few hundreds of millions of particles. The aim of the present study is to extend even further the modelling capabilities of Grains3D towards non-convex shapes, as a tool to examine the flow dynamics of granular media made of non-convex particles. Our strategy is based on decomposing a non-convex-shaped particle into a set of convex bodies, called elementary components. We call our method glued or clumped convex method, as an extension of the popular glued sphere method. Essentially, a non-convex particle is constructed as a cluster of convex particles, called elementary components. At the level of these elementary components of a glued convex particle, we employ the same contact detection strategy based on a Gilbert-Johnson-Keerthi algorithm and a linked-cell spatial sorting that accelerates the resolution of the contact, that we introduced in [39]. Our glued convex model is implemented as a new module of our code Grains3D and is therefore automatically fully parallel. We illustrate the new modelling capabilities of Grains3D in two test cases: (1) the filling of a container and (2) the flow dynamics in a rotating drum.

VL - 106 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40571-018-0198-3 IS - 1 JO - Comp. Part. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation of mixed ionic/nonionic building blocks for the dual templating of macro-mesoporous silica JF - Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Y1 - 2019 A1 - Roucher, Armand A1 - Emo, Melanie A1 - Vibert, Francois A1 - Stebe, Marie-Jose A1 - Schmitt, Veronique A1 - Jonas, Florian A1 - Backov, Renal A1 - Blin, Jean-Luc AB -

Traditional porous monoliths Si(HIPE) (High Internal Phase Emulsion), prepared from the Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide (TTAB)/dodecane/water system, offer high specific surface area, mainly due to microporosity. Aside, mesoporous materials SBA-15, prepared from Pluronic P123, have a high specific surface area, but are obtained as powder, which limits their applications. Starting from the mixed TTAB-P123 surfactant, it is expected to tune the mesoporosity of Si(HIPE), while keeping their monolithic character.

The ternary TTAB/P123/water phase diagram was established by varying the weight ratio between these two surfactants. The micellar structure as well as the structural parameters of the liquid crystal domains were determined by SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering). The effect of dodecane solubilization was also investigated and concentrated emulsions were formulated from the (P123/TTAB)/dodecane/ water systems. After this soft matter dedicated study, the acquired knowledge was transferred toward the hierarchical porous silica generations, where the sol-gel process is involved.

Mixing P123 with TTAB, macro-mesoporous monolithic silica with an enhanced contribution of the specific surface area due to mesoporosity can be prepared. The variation of the TTAB/P123 weight ratio allows controlling the porosity at the mesoscale. Moreover, the macroporosity can be tuned by changing the preparation method, by mixing either the two micellar solutions or directly the two surfactants prior the emulsification process. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

VL - 533 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021979718309883 JO - Journal of Colloid and Interface Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Modified Szegö–Widom Asymptotics for Block Toeplitz Matrices with Zero Modes JF - Journal of Statistical Physics Y1 - 2019 A1 - Basor, E. A1 - Dubail, Jerome A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Santachiara, Raoul AB -

The Szego-Widom theorem provides an expression for the determinant of block Toeplitz matrices in the asymptotic limit of large matrix dimension n. We show that the presence of zero modes, i.e, eigenvalues that vanish as n, ||<1, when n, requires a modification of the Szego-Widom theorem. A new asymptotic expression for the determinant of a certain class of block Toeplitz matrices with one pair of zero modes is derived. The result is inspired by one-dimensional topological superconductors, and the relation with the latter systems is discussed.

VL - 174 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10955-018-2177-8 JO - J Stat Phys ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multiscale poromechanics of wet cement paste JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2019 A1 - Zhou, Tingtao A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Bazant, Martin Z. A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Capillary effects, such as imbibition drying cycles, impact the mechanics of granular systems over time. A multiscale poromechanics framework was applied to cement paste, which is the most common building material, experiencing broad humidity variations over the lifetime of infrastructure. First, the liquid density distribution at intermediate to high relative humidity is obtained using a lattice gas density functional method together with a realistic nanogranular model of cement hydrates. The calculated adsorption/desorption isotherms and pore size distributions are discussed and compare well with nitrogen and water experiments. The standard method for pore size distribution determination from desorption data is evaluated. Second, the integration of the Korteweg liquid stress field around each cement hydrate particle provided the capillary forces at the nanoscale. The cement mesoscale structure was relaxed under the action of the capillary forces. Local irreversible deformations of the cement nanograins assembly were identified due to liquid–solid interactions. The spatial correlations of the nonaffine displacements extend to a few tens of nanometers. Third, the Love–Weber method provided the homogenized liquid stress at the micrometer scale. The homogenization length coincided with the spatial correlation length of nonaffine displacements. Our results on the solid response to capillary stress field suggest that the micrometer-scale texture is not affected by mild drying, while nanoscale irreversible deformations still occur. These results pave the way for understanding capillary phenomena-induced stresses in heterogeneous porous media ranging from construction materials to hydrogels and living systems.

VL - 2 UR - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1901160116 JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Parallel implicit contact algorithm for soft particle systems JF - Computer Physics Communications Y1 - 2019 A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Julien Averseng A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

This paper presents a numerical technique to model soft particle materials in which the particles can undergo large deformations. It combines an implicit finite strain formalism of the Material Point Method and the Contact Dynamics method. In this framework, the large deformations of individual particles as well as their collective interactions are treated consistently. In order to reduce the computational cost, this method is parallelised using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) strategy. Using this approach, we investigate the uniaxial compaction of 2D packings composed of particles governed by a Neo-Hookean material behaviour. We consider compressibility rates ranging from fully compressible to incompressible particles. The packing deformation mechanism is a combination of both particle rearrangements and large deformations, and leads to high packing fractions beyond the jamming state. We show that the packing strength declines when the particle compressibility decreases, and the packing can deform considerably. We also discuss the evolution of the connectivity of the particles and particle deformation distributions in the packing. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

VL - 237 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010465518303904 JO - Computer Physics Communications ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Spontaneous rotation can stabilise ordered chiral active fluids JF - Nature Communications Y1 - 2019 A1 - Maitra, Ananyo A1 - Lenz, Martin AB -

Active hydrodynamic theories are a powerful tool to study the emergent ordered phases of internally driven particles such as bird flocks, bacterial suspension and their artificial analogues. While theories of orientationally ordered phases are by now well established, the effect of chirality on these phases is much less studied. In this paper, we present a complete dynamical theory of orientationally ordered chiral particles in two-dimensional incompressible systems. We show that phase-coherent states of rotating chiral particles are remarkably stable in both momentum-conserved and non-conserved systems in contrast to their non-rotating counterparts. Furthermore, defect separation-which drives chaotic flows in non-rotating active fluids-is suppressed by intrinsic rotation of chiral active particles. We thus establish chirality as a source of dramatic stabilisation in active systems, which could be key in interpreting the collective behaviors of some biological tissues, cytoskeletal systems and collections of bacteria.

VL - 10 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08914-7 IS - 1 JO - Nat Commun ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stress-dependent amplification of active forces in nonlinear elastic media JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2019 A1 - Ronceray, Pierre A1 - Broedersz, Chase P. A1 - Lenz, Martin AB -

The production of mechanical stresses in living organisms largely relies on localized, force-generating active units embedded in filamentous matrices. Numerical simulations of discrete fiber networks with fixed boundaries have shown that buckling in the matrix dramatically amplifies the resulting active stresses. Here we extend this result to a continuum elastic medium prone to buckling subjected to an arbitrary external stress, and derive analytical expressions for the active, nonlinear constitutive relations characterizing the full active medium. Inserting these relations into popular active gel descriptions of living tissues and the cytoskeleton will enable investigations into nonlinear regimes previously inaccessible due to the phenomenological nature of these theories.

VL - 15 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8SM00949J IS - 2 JO - Soft Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Virus-templated Pt–Ni(OH)2 nanonetworks for enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of water JF - Nano Energy Y1 - 2019 A1 - Records, William C. A1 - Yoon, Youngmin A1 - Ohmura, Jacqueline F. A1 - Chanut, Nicolas A1 - Belcher, Angela M. AB -

Clean hydrogen production via water electrolysis is incumbent upon the development of high-performing hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Despite decades of commercial maturity, however, alkaline water electrolyzers continue to suffer from limitations in electrocatalytic activity and stability, even with noble metal catalysts. In recent years, combining platinum with oxophilic materials, such as metal hydroxides, has shown great promise for improving performance potentially by enabling stronger water dissociation at the surface of electrocatalysts. In this work, we leveraged the nanoscopic proportions and surface programmability of the filamentous M13 bacteriophage in the design, synthesis, and exceptional performance of 3D nanostructured biotemplated electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution. We developed a facile synthesis method for phage-templated, Pt–Ni(OH)2 nanonetworks, relying on scalable techniques like electroless deposition. After optimization of the platinum content, our materials display –4.9 A mg–1Pt at −70 mV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, the highest reported mass activity in 1 M KOH to date, and undergo minimal changes in overpotential under galvanostatic operation at −10 mA cm–2geo. Looking forward, the performance of these catalysts suggests that biotemplating nanostructures with M13 bacteriophage offers an interesting new route for developing high-performing electrocatalysts.

VL - 58 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211285518309960 JO - Nano Energy ER - TY - BOOK T1 - ACS Symposium SeriesGels and Other Soft Amorphous Solids Heterogeneity in Cement Hydrates Y1 - 2018 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou ED - Horkay, Ferenc ED - Douglas, Jack F. ED - Emanuela Del Gado AB -

Cement hydrates named C-S-H are the main products of the reaction of cement with water. The C-S-H phase is the most important phase of cement paste as it glues all other phases together in a solid rock-like material. C-S-H gels form and densify via out-of-equilibrium precipitation and aggregation of nano-grains during cement hydration. In this chapter, the link between the making and densification of C-S-H gels and amorphous solids is discussed by coarse-grained models based on the evolution of interaction potentials and an out-of-equilibrium simulation approach for particle precipitation. In particular, we characterize and correlate mesoscale structural and mechanical heterogeneities resulting into residual local eigenstresses. This underlying microscopic picture explains recent macroscopic measurements of the volume change of hydrating cement in fully saturated conditions.

PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC VL - 1296 SN - 0-8412-3316-0 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/series/symposiumhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/bk-2018-1296 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Atomistic and mesoscale simulation of sodium and potassium adsorption in cement paste JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2018 A1 - Dufresne, Alice A1 - Arayro, Jack A1 - Zhou, Tingtao A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Béland, Laurent Karim AB -

An atomistic and mesoscopic assessment of the effect of alkali uptake in cement paste is performed. Semi-grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations indicate that Na and K not only adsorb at the pore surface of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) but also adsorb in the C-S-H hydrated interlayer up to concentrations of the order of 0.05 and 0.1 mol/kg, respectively. Sorption of alkali is favored as the Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H is reduced. Long timescale simulations using the Activation Relaxation Technique indicate that characteristic diffusion times of Na and K in the C-S-H interlayer are of the order of a few hours. At the level of individual grains, Na and K adsorption leads to a reduction of roughly 5% of the elastic moduli and to volume expansion of about 0.25%. Simulations using the so-called primitive model indicate that adsorption of alkali ions at the pore surface can reduce the binding between C-S-H grains by up to 6%. Using a mesoscopic model of cement paste, the combination of individual grain swelling and changes in inter-granular cohesion was estimated to lead to overall expansive pressures of up to 4 MPa—and typically of less than 1 MPa—for typical alkali concentrations observed at the proximity of gel veins caused by the alkali-silica reaction.

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VL - 14963 UR - https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5042755 IS - 7 JO - The Journal of Chemical Physics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Computing the linear viscoelastic properties of soft gels using an optimally windowed chirp protocol JF - Journal of Rheology Y1 - 2018 A1 - Bouzid, Mehdi A1 - Keshavarz, Bavand A1 - Geri, Michela A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - McKinley, Gareth H. AB -

We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the linear viscoelastic response of a model three-dimensional particulate gel. The numerical simulations are combined with a novel test protocol (the optimally windowed chirp or OWCh), in which a continuous exponentially varying frequency sweep windowed by a tapered cosine function is applied. The mechanical response of the gel is then analyzed in the Fourier domain. We show that (i) OWCh leads to an accurate computation of the full frequency spectrum at a rate significantly faster than with the traditional discrete frequency sweeps, and with a reasonably high signal-to-noise ratio, and (ii) the bulk viscoelastic response of the microscopic model can be described in terms of a simple mesoscopic constitutive model. The simulated gel response is in fact well described by a mechanical model corresponding to a fractional Kelvin-Voigt model with a single Scott-Blair (or springpot) element and a spring in parallel. By varying the viscous damping and the particle mass used in the microscopic simulations over a wide range of values, we demonstrate the existence of a single master curve for the frequency dependence of the viscoelastic response of the gel that is fully predicted by the constitutive model. By developing a fast and robust protocol for evaluating the linear viscoelastic spectrum of these soft solids, we open the path toward novel multiscale insight into the rheological response for such complex materials. (C) 2018 The Society of Rheology.

VL - 62 UR - http://sor.scitation.org/doi/10.1122/1.5018715 IS - 4 JO - Journal of Rheology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Concrete material science: Past, present, and future innovations JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2018 A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -

Concrete is flying off, but it is simultaneously facing tremendous challenges in terms of environmental impact, financial needs, societal acceptance and image. Based on an historical approach of the science of concrete and reinforced concrete in particular, this paper calls for the exploration of radical changes in three key aspects of concrete use: reinforcement, binder content, and implementation methods. More precisely, it is suggested that, in parallel to the introduction of robotic fabrication methods, digital technologies may be key for the introduction several innovations like (i) rebar-free reinforcement using non-convex granular media; (ii) compression-optimized concrete structures, using topology optimization, architectural geometry, and 3D-printing or origami-patterned formworks; (iii) truly digital concrete through the coupling of massive data collection and deep learning.

CCR DIGITAL CONCRETE.pdf

Fig. 1. Top: Comparative evolution of the post-WWII global cement, steel, and plastic…

Fig. 2. Top: The four beams on this figure have the same load bearing capacity

Fig. 3. (a): A “deterministic” or regular Apollonian packing of disks in a circular…

Fig. 4. A surface area vs particle size plot for the different granular populations −…

Fig. 5. Minimum porosity of 17 different concretes, plotted vs the ratio between the…

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of the difference between an Apollonian packing (a) and…

Fig. 7. Two perturbations occurring in a dense assembly of particles with at least two…

Fig. 8. SEM images of cement pastes hydrated without (a and c) or with (b and d)…

Fig. 9. Binder intensity index as a function of 28days strength for close to one…

Fig. 10. Entangled assemblages of non-convex particles which could provide…

Fig. 11. Free-form architecture with UHPFRC concrete: (A) Curved panels of the Louis…

Fig. 12. (A) Aircraft hangar, Orvieto, architect-engineer Pier Luigi Nervi, 1935; (B) A…

Fig. 13. Cartoon depicting a paradigm for transformative evolution of research on…

VL - Volume 112 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884618300802 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Doping as a Way To Protect Silicate Chains in Calcium Silicate Hydrates JF - ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Y1 - 2018 A1 - Dupuis, Romain A1 - Dolado, Jorge S. A1 - Surga, Jose A1 - Ayuela Andrés KW - Bond-breaking; Calcium silicate hydrate; Doping; Green cement; Silicate chains AB -

A critical challenge in reducing anthropogenic impacts on the environment is to decrease the carbon footprint of the cement industry. A key concern in the search for more sustainable cement designs is the understanding and control of the depolymerization process that eventually determines the integrity of their silicate chains under mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses. Herein, we use metadynamics to show that the depolymerization of cement silicate skeletons consists of hydroxylation followed by bond-breaking. We then clarify the local effects of doping the silicate chains: a stable pentacoordinate state following hydroxylation is promoted by aluminum atoms but restrained by phosphorus additions, the presence of two dopants being related to energy landscapes less favorable to bond-breaking. The role of these dopants is explained in cement-based materials and is key to the quest for low-cost opportunities to preserve the strength of cement for high temperatures or even over time.

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VL - 6 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03488 IS - 11 JO - ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Earth concrete. Stabilization revisited JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2018 A1 - Henri Van Damme A1 - Houben, Hugo AB -

Not surprisingly, with the increased awareness of environmental issues, construction with raw (crude, unbaked) earth (subsoil) is gaining renewed interest. However, it suffers from a poor image and from the difficulty to meet modern productivity standards and to pass some durability tests designed for industrial materials. The recent trend is to overcome these drawbacks by “stabilizing” the material most often with Portland cement (PC). Here we show that stabilization with PC is in general neither technically nor environmentally advisable. It brings only moderate mechanical improvement at a high environmental cost. Rather than massively transforming crude earth into a low quality concrete, it would be more appropriate to adapt the architectural practice and/or to look for milder ways to improve properties. In this respect, the recent successful attempts to improve the workability and the strength of raw earth by controlling the dispersion of its fine fraction seem to be particularly promising.

VL - 114 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008884616308365 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Entropy-driven stability of chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes JF - Science Y1 - 2018 A1 - Yann Magnin A1 - Amara, Hakim A1 - Ducastelle, Francois A1 - Loiseau, Annick A1 - Christophe Bichara AB -

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are hollow cylinders that can grow centimeters long via carbon incorporation at the interface with a catalyst. They display semiconducting or metallic characteristics, depending on their helicity, which is determined during their growth. To support the quest for a selective synthesis, we develop a thermodynamic model that relates the tube-catalyst interfacial energies, temperature, and the resulting tube chirality. We show that nanotubes can grow chiral because of the configurational entropy of their nanometer-sized edge, thus explaining experimentally observed temperature evolutions of chiral distributions. Taking the chemical nature of the catalyst into account through interfacial energies, we derive structural maps and phase diagrams that will guide a rational choice of a catalyst and growth parameters toward a better selectivity.

VL - 362 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat6228 IS - 6411 Special Issue: SI JO - Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - On the existence and origin of sluggish diffusion in chemically disordered concentrated alloys JF - Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science Y1 - 2018 A1 - Osetsky, N. A1 - Béland, Laurent Karim A1 - Barashev, Alexander V. A1 - Zhang, Yanwen AB -

Concentrated single phase solid solutions, including medium- and high-entropy alloys, represent a new class of materials that have recently attracted significant interest due to exceptional functional and structural properties. Their fascinating properties are mainly attributed to the sluggish atomic-level diffusion and transport, but its controlling mechanisms are largely unknown and there is certain skepticism about its very existence. By using microsecond-scale molecular dynamics, on-the-fly and conventional kinetic Monte Carlo, we reveal the governing role of percolation effects and composition dependence of the vacancy migration energy in diffusion. Surprisingly, an increase of concentration of faster species (Fe) in face-centered cubic Ni-Fe alloy may decrease the overall atomic diffusion. Consequently, the composition dependence of tracer diffusion coefficient has a minimum near the site percolation threshold, similar to 20 at.%Fe. We argue that this coupled percolation and composition-dependent barriers for vacancy jumps within different subsystems in medium- and high-entropy alloys leads, indeed, to the sluggish diffusion. A fast method for preselecting materials with potentially desired properties is suggested.

VL - 22 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S135902861830038X IS - 3 JO - Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Griffith’s postulate: Grand Canonical Monte Carlo approach for fracture mechanics of solids JF - Engineering Fracture Mechanics Y1 - 2018 A1 - Al-Mulla, Talal A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations; Bond rupture; Bond rupture potential; Bond isotherms; Damage; Fluctuations AB -

A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Approach (GCMC) is proposed for the fracture analysis of solids discretized as mass points and bond interactions. In contrast to classical load-driven fracture processes, the GCMC approach introduces an auxiliary field, the bond rupture potential μ, to which the system is subjected; in addition to changes in volume V and temperature T. In this μVT-ensemble, bond isotherms that link the average number of bonds to the bond rupture potential (Nk-μ) are obtained that carry critical information for fracture analysis. Specifically, the slope of the bond isotherm reflects bond fluctuations, permitting identification of (1) a fluctuation-based damage variable, and (2) the competition in energy fluctuations between the redistribution of strain energy induced by bond rupture, and the dissipation of the groundstate energy. Based on these fluctuations, it is shown that the GCMC-approach allows the identification of a critical bond energy release rate of material samples, when strain energy fluctuations equal groundstate energy fluctuations – much akin to Griffith’s 1921 stationarity postulate to “predicting the breaking loads of elastic solids”. This is illustrated by means of thermodynamic integration of bond isotherms to determine force-displacement curves, for both notched and unnotched homogeneous samples discretized by regular 2-D lattices with bonds exhibiting harmonic potentials.

 

Fig. 1. Bond-Isotherms Nk-μfor three systems: (a) unnotched; (b) notched; (c) broken

Fig. 2. Fluctuation-based damage in function of the prescribed bond rupture potential,…

Fig. 3. Energy dissipation due to fluctuations for (a) the unnotched and (b) the…

Fig. 4. Thermodynamic integration of the bond isotherms of (a) an unnotched sample; and…

VL - 199 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013794418301747 JO - Engineering Fracture Mechanics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Impact of Nanoporosity on Hydrocarbon Transport in Shales’ Organic Matter JF - Nano Letters Y1 - 2018 A1 - Amaël Obliger A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq KW - Kerogen; microporosity; diffusion; hydrocarbons; shales AB -

In a context of growing attention for shale gas, the precise impact of organic matter (kerogen) on hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs still has to be assessed. Kerogen's microstructure is characterized by a very disordered pore network that greatly affects hydrocarbon transport. The specific structure and texture of this organic matter at the nanoscale is highly dependent on its origin. In this study, by the use of statistical physics and molecular dynamics, we shed some new lights on hydrocarbon transport through realistic molecular models of kerogen at different level of maturity [Bousige et al. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 576]. Despite the apparent complexity, severe confinement effects controlled by the porosity of the various kerogens allow linear alkanes (from methane to dodecane) transport to be studied only via the self-diffusion coefficients of the species. The decrease of the transport coefficients with the amount of adsorbed fluid can be described by a free volume theory. Ultimately, the transport coefficients of hydrocarbons can be expressed simply as a function of the porosity (volume fraction of void) of the microstructure, thus paving the way for shale gas recovery predictions.

https://pubs-acs-org.libproxy.mit.edu/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2018/nalefd.2018.18.issue-2/acs.nanolett.7b04079/20180208/images/medium/nl-2017-04079p_0004.gif

VL - 18 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04079 IS - 2 JO - Nano Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Improving the practicality and safety of artificial corneas: Pre-assembly and gamma-rays sterilization of the Boston Keratoprosthesis JF - The Ocular Surface Y1 - 2018 A1 - Gonzalez-Andrades, Miguel A1 - Sharifi, Roholah A1 - Islam, Mohammad Mirazul A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Haist, Michael A1 - Paschalis, Eleftherios I. A1 - Gelfand, Larisa A1 - Mamodaly, Shamina A1 - Di Cecilia, Luca A1 - Cruzat, Andrea A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Chodosh, James A1 - Delori, Francois A1 - Dohlman, Claes H. KW - Artificial corneas; Boston keratoprosthesis; Gamma radiation; Gamma rays; Preassembly; Sterilization; Polymethyl methacrylate AB -

Purpose: To make the Boston keratoprosthesis (B-KPro), together with its carrier corneal graft, more easily procured, transported and stored, as well as less expensive, easier for the surgeon to implant and safer for the patient, it is proposed that the B-KPro-graft combination be pre-assembled by an expert technician, followed by sterilization with gamma ray irradiation (GI) allowing long-term storage at room temperature. For this to be possible, it must be shown that the B-KPro itself (not only the graft) remains unharmed by the irradiation.

Methods: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) discs and B-KPros were submitted to either ethylene oxide sterilization or different doses of GI. Cell biocompatibility, mechanical strength and optical quality were evaluated. The feasibility of assembling the B-KPro to a corneal graft, and gamma-radiate afterwards, was also assessed.

Results: There were no differences in cell biocompatibility between the samples. The optical evaluation showed high levels of transparency for all the groups. The absorbance of ultraviolet was higher for the groups treated with GI. The mechanical evaluation by nanoindentation showed no alterations of the PMMA discs after GI. The flexure test revealed a similar mechanical behavior. Technically, pre-assembly and GI of the B-KPro revealed no problems.

Conclusions: Sterilization of B-KPro using GI has no detrimental influence on the device. The pre-assembly of B-KPro to a donor cornea, followed by gamma sterilization, emerges as an efficient and safe procedure. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

VL - 16 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1542012418300442 IS - 3 JO - The Ocular Surface ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Inertial shear flow of assemblies of frictionless polygons: Rheology and microstructure JF - The European Physical Journal E Y1 - 2018 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Noel  Roux KW - CONTACT DYNAMICS METHOD; DENSE GRANULAR FLOWS; GEOMETRIC ORIGIN; BEHAVIOR; PACKING; MEDIA; SHAPE AB -

Motivated by the understanding of shape effects in granular materials, we numerically investigate the macroscopic and microstructural properties of anisotropic dense assemblies of frictionless polydisperse rigid pentagons in shear flow, and compare them with similar systems of disks. Once subjected to large cumulative shear strains their rheology and microstructure are investigated in uniform steady states, depending on inertial number I, which ranges from the quasistatic limit (I similar to 10(-5)) to 0.2. In the quasistatic limit both systems are devoid of Reynolds dilatancy, i.e., flow at their random close packing density. Both macroscopic friction angle., an increasing function of I, and solid fraction., a decreasing function of I, are larger with pentagons than with disks at small I, but the differences decline for larger I and, remarkably, nearly vanish for I similar to 0.2. Under growing I, the depletion of contact networks is considerably slower with pentagons, in which increasingly anisotropic, but still well-connected force-transmitting structures are maintained throughout the studied range. Whereas contact anisotropy and force anisotropy contribute nearly equally to the shear strength in disk assemblies, the latter effect dominates with pentagons at small I, while the former takes over for I of the order of 10(-2). The size of clusters of grains in side-to-side contact, typically comprising more than 10 pentagons in the quasistatic limit, very gradually decreases for growing I.

VL - 4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epje/i2018-11608-9 IS - 1 JO - Eur. Phys. J. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Le Châtelier’s conjecture: Measurement of colloidal eigenstresses in chemically reactive materials JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2018 A1 - Muhannad Abuhaikal A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Petersen, Thomas A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - Poromechanics; Colloidal stresses; Cement-based materials; Expansion; Shrinkage AB -

Volume changes in chemically reactive materials, such as hydrating cement, play a critical role in many engineering applications that require precise estimates of stress and pressure developments. But a means to determine bulk volume changes in the absence of other deformation mechanisms related to thermal, pressure and load variations, is still missing. Herein, we present such a measuring devise, and a hybrid experimental-theoretical technique that permits the determination of colloidal eigenstresses. Applied to cementitious materials, it is found that bulk volume changes in saturated cement pastes at constant pressure and temperature conditions result from a competition of repulsive and attractive phenomena that originate from the relative distance of the solid particles- much as Henry Louis Le Chatelier, the father of modern cement science, had conjectured in the late 19th century. Precipitation of hydration products in confined spaces entails a repulsion, whereas the concurrent reduction in interparticle distance entails activation of attractive forces in charged colloidal particles. This cross-over from repulsion to attraction can be viewed as a phase transition between a liquid state (below the solid percolation) and the limit packing of hard spheres, separated by an energy barrier that defines the temperature-dependent eigenstress magnitude. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fig. 1. Pressure vessel measurement device for volume changes under constant pressure…

Fig. 2. Bulk Volume Change measurement results under drained and fluid saturated…

Fig. 3. Eigenstress Scaling: (a) Normalized eigenstress (|σ*|/max|σ*|) vs

Fig. 4. Eigenstress interpretation: (a) volume fractions vs

VL - 112 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022509617309985 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mechanical strength of wet particle agglomerates JF - Mechanics Research Communications Y1 - 2018 A1 - Vo, Thanh-Trung A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Izard, Edouard A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Using particle dynamics simulations, we investigate the strength and microstructure of agglomerates of wet frictional particles subjected to axial compression. The numerical model accounts for the cohesive and viscous effects of the binding liquid up to a debonding distance with the liquid assumed to be distributed homogeneously inside the agglomerate. We show that wet agglomerates undergo plastic deformation due to the rearrangements of primary particles during compression. The compressive strength is thus characterized by the plastic threshold before the onset of failure by the irreversible loss of wet contacts between primary particles. We find that the agglomerate plastic threshold is proportional to the characteristic cohesive stress defined from the liquid-vapor surface tension and the mean diameter of primary particles, with a prefactor that is a nearly linear function of the debonding distance and increases with size span. We analyze the agglomerate microstructure and, considering only the cohesive capillary forces at all bonds between primary particles, we propose an expression of the plastic strength as a function of the texture parameters such as the wet coordination number and packing fraction. This expression is shown to be consistent with our simulations up to a multiplicative factor reflecting the distribution of the capillary bridges. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the forces acting on particle i by a contacting particle j…

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of diametrical compression test (a), and snapshots of…

Fig. 3. Snapshot of a granule under diametrical compression for α=1

Fig. 4. Vertical strength σzz normalized by the reference stress σc for different…

Fig. 5. Normalized plastic strength of the granule for several values of the debonding…

Fig. 6. Normalized plastic strength σp/σc of the granules for different values of the…

Fig. 7. The initial wet coordination number Z0 of the granules for different values of…

Fig. 8. The prefactor η in Eq

Fig. 9. The ZΦs in Eq

VL - 92 UR - https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.mit.edu/science/article/pii/S0093641318301216 JO - Mechanics Research Communications ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mesoscale structure, mechanics, and transport properties of source rocks’ organic pore networks JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2018 A1 - Berthonneau, Jeremie A1 - Amaël Obliger A1 - Valdenaire, Pierre-Louis A1 - Grauby, Olivier A1 - Ferry, Daniel A1 - Chaudanson, Damien A1 - Pierre E. Levitz A1 - Kim, Jae Jin A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq KW - porous media; electron tomography; mechanics; fluid transport; mesoscale AB -

Organic matter is responsible for the generation of hydrocarbons during the thermal maturation of source rock formation. This geochemical process engenders a network of organic hosted pores that governs the flow of hydrocarbons from the organic matter to fractures created during the stimulation of production wells. Therefore, it can be reasonably assumed that predictions of potentially recoverable confined hydrocarbons depend on the geometry of this pore network. Here, we analyze mesoscale structures of three organic porous networks at different thermal maturities. We use electron tomography with subnanometric resolution to characterize their morphology and topology. Our 3D reconstructions confirm the formation of nanopores and reveal increasingly tortuous and connected pore networks in the process of thermal maturation. We then turn the binarized reconstructions into lattice models including information from atomistic simulations to derive mechanical and confined fluid transport properties. Specifically, we highlight the influence of adsorbed fluids on the elastic response. The resulting elastic energy concentrations are localized at the vicinity of macropores at low maturity whereas these concentrations present more homogeneous distributions at higher thermal maturities, due to pores' topology. The lattice models finally allow us to capture the effect of sorption on diffusion mechanisms with a sole input of network geometry. Eventually, we corroborate the dominant impact of diffusion occurring within the connected nanopores, which constitute the limiting factor of confined hydrocarbon transport in source rocks.

VL - 115 UR - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1808402115 IS - 49 JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A methodology to calibrate and to validate effective solid potentials of heterogeneous porous media from computed tomography scans and laboratory-measured nanoindentation data JF - Acta Geotechnica Y1 - 2018 A1 - Monfared, Siavash A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Hubler, Mija H. A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Built on the framework of effective interaction potentials using lattice element method, a methodology to calibrate and to validate the elasticity of solid constituents in heterogeneous porous media from experimentally measured nanoindentation moduli and imported scans from advanced imaging techniques is presented. Applied to computed tomography (CT) scans of two organic-rich shales, spatial variations of effective interaction potentials prove instrumental in capturing the effective elastic behavior of highly heterogeneous materials via the first two cumulants of experimentally measured distributions of nanoindentation moduli. After calibration and validation steps while implicitly accounting for mesoscale texture effects via CT scans, Biot poroelastic coefficients are simulated. Analysis of stress percolation suggests contrasting pathways for load transmission, a reflection of microtextural differences in the studied cases. This methodology to calibrate elastic energy content of real materials from advanced imaging techniques and experimental measurements paves the way to study other phenomena such as wave propagation and fracture while providing a platform to fine-tune effective behavior of materials given advancements in additive manufacturing and machine learning algorithms .

VL - 13 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11440-018-0687-9 IS - 6 JO - Acta Geotech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A minimal power model for human running performance JF - PLOS ONE Y1 - 2018 A1 - Mulligan, Matthew A1 - Adam, Guillaume A1 - Emig, Thorsten ED - Piknova, Barbora KW - ENERGY-COST; OXYGEN-UPTAKE; ATHLETIC RECORDS; ECONOMY; RUNNERS; RUN; ENDURANCE; MARATHON; EXERCISE; EXHAUSTION AB -

Models for human running performances of various complexities and underlying principles have been proposed, often combining data from world record performances and bio-energetic facts of human physiology. The purpose of this work is to develop a novel, minimal and universal model for human running performance that employs a relative metabolic power scale. The main component is a self-consistency relation for the time dependent maximal power output. The analytic approach presented here is the first to derive the observed logarithmic scaling between world (and other) record running speeds and times from basic principles of metabolic power supply. Our hypothesis is that various female and male record performances (world, national) and also personal best performances of individual runners for distances from 800m to the marathon are excellently described by this model. Indeed, we confirm this hypothesis with mean errors of (often much) less than 1%. The model defines endurance in a way that demonstrates symmetry between long and short racing events that are separated by a characteristic time scale comparable to the time over which a runner can sustain maximal oxygen uptake. As an application of our model, we derive personalized characteristic race speeds for different durations and distances.

VL - 13 UR - http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206645 IS - 11 JO - PLoS ONE ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multi-periodic boundary conditions and the Contact Dynamics method JF - Comptes Rendus Mécanique Y1 - 2018 A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

For investigating the mechanical behavior of granular materials by means of the discrete element approach, it is desirable to be able to simulate representative volume elements with macroscopically homogeneous deformations. This can be achieved by means of fully periodic boundary conditions such that stresses or displacements can be applied in all space directions. We present a general framework for periodic boundary conditions in granular materials and its implementation more specifically in the Contact Dynamics method. (c) 2017 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

VL - 346 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1631072117302346 IS - 3 JO - Comptes Rendus Mécanique ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multiscale modeling for bioresources and bioproducts JF - Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies Y1 - 2018 A1 - Barnabe, M. A1 - Blanc, Nicolas A1 - Chabin, T. A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Duri, A. A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Hugouvieux, V. A1 - Lutton, E. A1 - Mabille, F. A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Perrot, N. A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Ruiz, T. A1 - Tonda, A. AB -

Designing and processing complex matter and materials are key objectives of bioresource and bioproduct research. Modeling approaches targeting such systems have to account for their two main sources of complexity: their intrinsic multi-scale nature; and the variability and heterogeneity inherent to all living systems. Here we provide insight into methods developed at the Food & Bioproduct Engineering division (CEPIA) of the French National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA). This brief survey focuses on innovative research lines that tackle complexity by mobilizing different approaches with complementary objectives. On one hand cognitive approaches aim to uncover the basic mechanisms and laws underlying the emerging collective properties and macroscopic behavior of soft-matter and granular systems, using numerical and experimental methods borrowed from physics and mechanics. The corresponding case studies are dedicated to the structuring and phase behavior of biopolymers, powders and granular materials, and to the evolution of these structures caused by external constraints. On the other hand machine learning approaches can deal with process optimizations and outcome predictions by extracting useful information and correlations from huge datasets built from experiments at different length scales and in heterogeneous conditions. These predictive methods are illustrated in the context of cheese ripening, grape maturity prediction and bacterial production.

VL - 46 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1466856417302230 IS - Special Issue: SI JO - Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A nonequilibrium force can stabilize 2D active nematics JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2018 A1 - Maitra, Ananyo A1 - Srivastava, Pragya A1 - Marchetti, M. Cristina A1 - Lintuvuori, Juho S. A1 - Ramaswamy, Sriram A1 - Lenz, Martin AB -

Suspensions of actively driven anisotropic objects exhibit distinctively nonequilibrium behaviors, and current theories predict that they are incapable of sustaining orientational order at high activity. By contrast, here we show that nematic suspensions on a substrate can display order at arbitrarily high activity due to a previously unreported, potentially stabilizing active force. This force moreover emerges inevitably in theories of active orientable fluids under geometric confinement. The resulting nonequilibrium ordered phase displays robust giant number fluctuations that cannot be suppressed even by an incompressible solvent. Our results apply to virtually all experimental assays used to investigate the active nematic ordering of self-propelled colloids, bacterial suspensions, and the cytoskeleton and have testable implications in interpreting their nonequilibrium behaviors.

VL - 115 UR - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1720607115 IS - 27 JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phase separation of stable colloidal clusters JF - Physical Review Materials Y1 - 2018 A1 - Petersen, Thomas A1 - Bazant, Martin Z. A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This article presents a nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory for the mean-field precipitation, aggregation, and pattern formation of colloidal clusters. A variable gradient energy coefficient and the arrest of particle diffusion upon “jamming” of cluster aggregates in the spinodal region predicts observable gel patterns that, at high intercluster attraction, form system-spanning, out-of-equilibrium networks with glasslike, quasistatic structural relaxation. For reactive systems, we incorporate the free energy landscape of stable prenucleation clusters into the Allen-Cahn reaction equation. We show that pattern formation is dominantly controlled by the Damköhler number and the stability of the clusters, which modifies the autocatalytic rate of precipitation. As clusters individually become more stable, bulk phase separation is suppressed.

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VL - 2 UR - https://journals.aps.org/prmaterials/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.095602 IS - 9 JO - Phys. Rev. Materials ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Poroelasticity of Methane-Loaded Mature and Immature Kerogen from Molecular Simulations JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2018 A1 - Obliger, Amaël A1 - Valdenaire, Pierre-Louis A1 - Capit, Nicolas A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale KW - ADSORPTION-INDUCED DEFORMATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; NANOPOROUS MEDIA; POROUS CARBONS; GLASSY-CARBON; COAL; TRANSPORT; SORPTION; MODEL AB -

While hydrocarbon expulsion from kerogen is certainly the key step in shale oil/gas recovery, the poromechanical couplings governing this desorption process, taking place under a significant pressure gradient, are still poorly understood. Especially, most molecular simulation investigations of hydrocarbon adsorption and transport in kerogen have so far been performed under the rigid matrix approximation, implying that the pore space is independent of pressure, temperature, and fluid loading, or in other words, neglecting poromechanics. Here, using two hydrogenated porous carbon models as proxies for immature and overmature kerogen, that is, highly aliphatic hydrogen-rich vs highly aromatic hydrogen-poor models, we perform an extensive molecular-dynamics-based investigation of the evolution of the poroelastic properties of those matrices with respect to temperature, external pressure, and methane loading as a prototype alkane molecule. The rigid matrix approximation is shown to hold reasonably well for overmature kerogen even though accounting for flexibility has allowed us to observe the well-known small volume contraction at low fluid loading and temperature. Our results demonstrate that immature kerogen is highly deformable. Within the ranges of conditions considered in this work, its density can double and its accessible porosity (to a methane molecule) can increase from 0 to ∼30%. We also show that these deformations are significantly nonaffine (i.e., nonhomogeneous), especially upon fluid adsorption or desorption.

VL - 34 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02534 IS - 45 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Potential-of-Mean-Force Approach for Molecular Dynamics–Based Resilience Assessment of Structures JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2018 A1 - Keremides, Konstantinos A1 - Abdolhosseini Qomi, Mohammad Javad A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - Molecular dynamics; Structural mechanics; Potential of mean force; Morse potential; Progressive structural collapse; Fragility curves AB -

A molecular dynamics (MD)-based structural mechanics approach is proposed for the assessment of resilience of buildings. At the core of the approach, potentials of mean force (PMFs) suitable for structural members for both two-body (stretch) and three-body (bending) interactions are derived to define the energy states between mass points discretizing structural members. An original potential parameter calibration procedure is proposed: for close-to-equilibrium potential parameters, the procedure is based on matching measured frequency of a structure with the frequency of the molecular model. In turn, for bond-rupture parameters, it is shown that classical interatomic potential expressions, such as Morse potential, can be used to calibrate the energy content of many structural members and connections. By way of example, the MD-based structural mechanics approach is applied to a large-scale structure. Compared with classical continuum-based approaches, the added value of the method thus proposed is a rational means of determining the progressive structural collapse load of structures based on thermodynamic integration. By redefining structural mechanics within the context of statistical physics, molecular simulations, and potentials of mean force, the approach provides a powerful means of determining fragility curves required for the assessment of resilience of buildings.

VL - 144 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0001491 IS - 8 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A reaction model for cement solidification: Evolving the C–S–H packing density at the micrometer-scale JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2018 A1 - Petersen, Thomas A1 - Valdenaire, Pierre-Louis A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Cement paste is a multiphase material of complex chemistry, of which 60% by volume is typically composed of calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H), the phase that lends the material its strength and stiffness. Moreover, it has been shown that the C–S–H phase is a dispersion of nanometer-sized particles that are characterized by an attractive–repulsive potential and densify in course of the hydration reaction. Herein, we model the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles as a continuous density field subject to a reaction equation. Using this phase-field approach, we aim to reduce the parameter space present in similar hydration models and create a vehicle to upscale mechanical information from the nanometer-scale to the micrometer-scale. Despite the apparent simplification of the physics at play, we readily reproduce the cement paste reaction kinetics and microtexture—functions of temperature, coarseness of the calcium–silicate source particles, and initial water-to-cement ratio—, and vet them against experimental observations. Presenting results for two-dimensional simulations, we achieve excellent agreement with measurements of hydration heat curves, pore-chord-length and solid-chord-length density functions, distributions of low- and high-density C–S–H products, and elasticity.

 

 Illustration of the dissolution and nucleation and growth processes driving…

 A comparison between the mean coordination number ⟨z⟩ of the particles modeled…

 Gibb’s free energy that interpolates between the source phase ψ=1 and open pore…

 Gibb’s energy of reaction and (b) reaction rate for nanoparticle…

 Evolution of the mean packing fraction of C–S–H (〈ϕ〉V′; opaque) and the…

 Diagram of the volume fractions of hydrating cement paste

VL - 118 UR - https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.mit.edu/science/article/pii/S0022509617308876 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rheology of granular materials composed of crushable particles JF - The European Physical Journal E Y1 - 2018 A1 - Duc-Hanh Nguyen A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Farhang Radjaï KW - CONTACT DYNAMICS METHOD; DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD; SHEAR BANDS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; BED COMMINUTION; FRAGMENTATION; BREAKAGE; ROCK; DEM; MODEL AB -

We investigate sheared granular materials composed of crushable particles by means of contact dynamics simulations and the bonded-cell model for particle breakage. Each particle is paved by irregular cells interacting via cohesive forces. In each simulation, the ratio of the internal cohesion of particles to the confining pressure, the relative cohesion, is kept constant and the packing is subjected to biaxial shearing. The particles can break into two or more fragments when the internal cohesive forces are overcome by the action of compressive force chains between particles. The particle size distribution evolves during shear as the particles continue to break. We find that the breakage process is highly inhomogeneous both in the fragment sizes and their locations inside the packing. In particular, a number of large particles never break whereas a large number of particles are fully shattered. As a result, the packing keeps the memory of its initial particle size distribution, whereas a power-law distribution is observed for particles of intermediate size due to consecutive fragmentation events whereby the memory of the initial state is lost. Due to growing polydispersity, dense shear bands are formed inside the packings and the usual dilatant behavior is reduced or cancelled. Hence, the stress-strain curve no longer passes through a peak stress, and a progressive monotonic evolution towards a pseudo-steady state is observed instead. We find that the crushing rate is controlled by the confining pressure. We also show that the shear strength of the packing is well expressed in terms of contact anisotropies and force anisotropies. The force anisotropy increases while the contact orientation anisotropy declines for increasing internal cohesion of the particles. These two effects compensate each other so that the shear strength is nearly independent of the internal cohesion of particles.

VL - 41 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epje/i2018-11656-1 IS - 4 JO - Eur. Phys. J. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of City Texture in Urban Heat Islands at Nighttime JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2018 A1 - Sobstyl, Jake M. A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Qomi, M. J. Abdolhosseini A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq KW - IDEAL CONDITIONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CITIES; SIMULATION; GEOMETRY; ENERGY; HEALTH; IMPACT; MODEL AB -

An urban heat island (UHI) is a climate phenomenon that results in an increased air temperature in cities when compared to their rural surroundings. In this Letter, the dependence of an UHI on urban geometry is studied. Multiyear urban-rural temperature differences and building footprints data combined with a heat radiation scaling model are used to demonstrate for more than 50 cities worldwide that city texture-measured by a building distribution function and the sky view factor-explains city-to-city variations in nocturnal UHIs. Our results show a strong correlation between nocturnal UHIs and the city texture.

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VL - 120 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.108701 IS - 10 JO - Phys. Rev. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sol–gel process and complex fluids: sculpting porous matter at various lengths scales towards the Si(HIPE), Si(PHIPE), and SBA-15-Si(HIPE) series JF - Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Y1 - 2018 A1 - Roucher, Armand A1 - Schmitt, Veronique A1 - Blin, Jean-Luc A1 - Backov, Renal AB -

Taking inspiration from diatom hierarchically organized porosity, synthetic porous monoliths have been synthesized through rational designs while combining sol–gel chemistry, emulsions, Pickering-based emulsions, and lyotropic mesophases. We have described the synthesis of the Si(HIPE) series employing traditional emulsions to tune the macroscopic void diameters and cationic surfactant molecules to both stabilize the oil/water interface at the macroscopic length scale and create vermicular poorly organized porosity at the mesoscopic length scale. In a second part, while substituting surfactant molecules with modified silica nanoparticles acting as emulsion-stabilizers, we depict the possibility of tuning independently the macroscopic cell diameters and the cell junctions via Pickering emulsions employed as templates, leading to the Si(PHIPE) series presenting both monodiperse macroscopic void and cell junction diameters. Finally taking the synergetic effect of nonionic surfactants and a kosmotrope salt effect we show that it is possible generating self-standing Si(HIPE) bearing high organized mesoporosity while addressing the SBA-15-Si(HIPE) series. Open image in new window Taking inspiration from diatom hierarchically organized porosity, synthetic porous self-standing silica foams have been obtained through rational designs where sol–gel chemistry, emulsions, Pickering-based emulsions and lyotropic mesophases are advantageously combined.

VL - 18 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10971-018-4794-8 JO - J Sol-Gel Sci Technol ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surface temperatures in New York City: Geospatial data enables the accurate prediction of radiative heat transfer JF - Scientific Reports Y1 - 2018 A1 - Ghandehari, Masoud A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Aghamohamadnia, Milad KW - ENERGY-BALANCE; URBAN; STORAGE; MODEL; ALBEDO; FLUX AB -

Despite decades of research seeking to derive the urban energy budget, the dynamics of thermal exchange in the densely constructed environment is not yet well understood. Using New York City as a study site, we present a novel hybrid experimental-computational approach for a better understanding of the radiative heat transfer in complex urban environments. The aim of this work is to contribute to the calculation of the urban energy budget, particularly the stored energy. We will focus our attention on surface thermal radiation. Improved understanding of urban thermodynamics incorporating the interaction of various bodies, particularly in high rise cities, will have implications on energy conservation at the building scale, and for human health and comfort at the urban scale. The platform presented is based on longwave hyperspectral imaging of nearly 100 blocks of Manhattan, in addition to a geospatial radiosity model that describes the collective radiative heat exchange between multiple buildings. Despite assumptions in surface emissivity and thermal conductivity of buildings walls, the close comparison of temperatures derived from measurements and computations is promising. Results imply that the presented geospatial thermodynamic model of urban structures can enable accurate and high resolution analysis of instantaneous urban surface temperatures.

VL - 8 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19846-5 JO - Sci Rep ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application in aldehyde hydrosilylation of half-sandwich nickel complexes bearing (κ1-C)- and hemilabile (κ 2-C, S)-thioether-functionalised NHC ligands JF - Dalton Transactions Y1 - 2018 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Poblador-Bahamonde, Amalia I. A1 - Choppin, Sabine A1 - Bellemin-Laponnaz, Stéphane A1 - Chetcuti, Michael J. A1 - Achard, Thierry A1 - Ritleng, Vincent AB -

Neutral nickel-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, ((1)-C)-[NiCpBr{R-NHC-(CH2)(2)SR}] [Cp = (5)-C5H5; R-NHC-(CH2)(2)SR = 1-mesityl-3-[2-(tert-butylthio)ethyl]- (1a), 1-mesityl-3-[2-(phenylthio)ethyl]- (1b), 1-benzyl-3-[2-(tert-butylthio)ethyl]- (1c), 1-benzyl-3-[2-(phenylthio)ethyl]-imidazol-2-ylidene (1d)], which bear a N-bound thioether side arm, were prepared by the reaction of nickelocene with the corresponding imidazolium bromides [R-NHC-(CH2)(2)SRHBr] (a-d), via conventional or microwave heating. The H-1 NMR spectra of the benzyl-substituted species 1c and 1d showed signals for diastereotopic NCH2CH2S protons at room temperature. However, structural studies established the absence of coordination of the sulphur atom in the solid state, and solvent DFT calculations showed that bromide displacement by sulphur is an unfavourable process (G = +13.5 kcal mol(-1) for 1d), thereby suggesting that the observed disatereotopicity is more likely due to significant steric congestion rather than to a possible C,S-chelation in solution. Treatment of these complexes with KPF6 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) led to bromide abstraction to afford the cationic complexes [NiCp{R-NHC-(CH2)(2)SR}](PF6) (2a-c). Alternatively, 2a-c could also be prepared by the direct reaction of nickelocene with the corresponding imidazolium hexafluorophosphate salts [R-NHC-(CH2)(2)SRHPF6]. Inversely to the neutral species, whereas X-ray crystallography established C,S-chelation in the solid state, the H-1 NMR spectra (CDCl3, CD2Cl2, or thf-d(8)) at room temperature showed no diastereotopic NCH2CH2S protons, thus suggesting the possible displacement of the sulphur atom by the respective solvents and/or very fast sulphur inversion. DFT calculations established a low energy inversion process in all cases (+9 G(double dagger) +13 kcal mol(-1)) as well as a favourable solvent coordination process (G(double dagger) approximate to +11 kcal mol(-1); G approximate to -7 kcal mol(-1)) with a solvent such as THF, thus suggesting that sulphur inversion and/or solvent coordination can both account for the absence of diastereotopy at room temperature, depending on the solvent. While all complexes catalysed the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde in the absence of any additive, the cationic C,S-chelated complexes 2 proved more active than the sterically constrained neutral species 1. In particular, 2c proved to be the most active pre-catalyst and its catalytic charge could be lowered down to 2 mol% with PhSiH3 as the hydrogen source.

VL - 47 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8DT03882A IS - 47 JO - Dalton Trans. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermalizing and Damping in Structural Dynamics JF - Journal of Applied Mechanics Y1 - 2018 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - structural dynamics; damping; Nose-Hoover Bath; kinetic temperature; dynamic buckling AB -

Structural damping, that is the presence of a velocity dependent dissipative term in the equation of motion, is rationalized as a thermalization process between a structure (here a beam) and an outside bath (understood in a broad sense as a system property). This is achieved via the introduction of the kinetic temperature of structures and formalized by means of an extended Lagrangian formulation of a structure in contact with an outside bath at a given temperature. Using the Nose-Hoover thermostat, the heat exchange rate between structure and bath is identified as a mass damping coefficient, which evolves in time in function of the kinetic energy/temperature history exhibited by the structure. By way of application to a simple beam structure subjected to eigen-vibrations and dynamic buckling, commonality and differences of the Nose-Hoover beam theory with constant mass damping models are shown, which permit a handshake between classical damping models and statistical mechanics-based thermalization models. The solid foundation of these thermalization models in statistical physics provides new insights into stability and instability for engineering structures. Specifically, since two systems are considered in (thermodynamic) equilibrium when they have the same temperature, we show in the case of dynamic buckling that a persistent steady-state difference in kinetic temperature between structure and bath is but indicative of the instability of the system. This shows that the kinetic temperature can serve as a structural order parameter to identify and comprehend failure of structures, possibly well beyond the elastic stability considered here.

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VL - 85 UR - http://appliedmechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org.libproxy.mit.edu/article.aspx?articleid=2680040 IS - 8 JO - J. Appl. Mech ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanics of cesium sorption in cement paste: A multiscale assessment JF - Physical Review Materials Y1 - 2018 A1 - Arayro, Jack A1 - Dufresne, Alice A1 - Zhou, Tingtao A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Béland, Laurent Karim KW - CALCIUM-SILICATE-HYDRATE; C-S-H; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MONTE-CARLO; IMMOBILIZATION; RADIONUCLIDES; SIMULATIONS; RELAXATION; COLLOIDS AB -

Cesium-137 is a common radioactive byproduct found in nuclear spent fuel. Given its 30 year half life, its interactions with potential storage materials-such as cement paste-is of crucial importance. In this paper, simulations are used to establish the interaction of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H)-the mam binding phase of cement paste-with Cs at the nano- and mesoscale. Different C-S-H compositions are explored, including a range of Ca/Si ratios from 1.0 to 2.0. These calculations are based on a set of 150 atomistic models, which qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce a number of experimentally measured features of C-S-H-within limits intrinsic to the approximations imposed by classical molecular dynamics and the steps followed when building the models. A procedure where hydrated Ca2+ ions are swapped for Cs1+ ions shows that Cs adsorption in the C-S-H interlayer is preferred to Cs adsorption at the nanopore surface when Cs concentrations are lower than 0.19 Mol/kg. Interlayer sorption decreases as the Ca/Si ratio increases. The activation relaxation technique nouveau is used to access timescales out of the reach of traditional molecular dynamics (MD). It indicates that characteristic diffusion time for Cs1+ in the C-S-H interlayer is on the order of a few hours. Cs uptake in the interlayer has little impact on the elastic response of C-S-H. It leads to swelling of the C-S-H grams, but mesoscale calculations that access length scales out of the range of MD indicate that this leads to practically negligible expansive pressures for Cs concentrations relevant to nuclear waste repositories.

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VL - 2 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.053608 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. Materials ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Time-Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy of Soft Materials via Optimally Windowed Chirps JF - Physical Review X Y1 - 2018 A1 - Geri, Michela A1 - Keshavarz, Bavand A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Clasen, Christian A1 - Curtis, Daniel J. A1 - McKinley, Gareth H. AB -

The ability to measure the bulk dynamic behavior of soft materials with combined time and frequency resolution is instrumental for improving our fundamental understanding of connections between the microstructural dynamics and the macroscopic mechanical response. Current state-of-the-art techniques are often limited by a compromise between resolution in the time and frequency domains, mainly due to the use of elementary input signals that have not been designed for fast time-evolving systems such as materials undergoing gelation, curing, or self-healing. In this work, we develop an optimized and robust excitation signal for time-resolved mechanical spectroscopy through the introduction of joint frequency- and amplitude-modulated exponential chirps. Inspired by the biosonar signals of bats and dolphins, we optimize the signal profile to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio while minimizing spectral leakage with a carefully designed modulation of the envelope of the chirp, obtained using a cosine-tapered window function. A combined experimental and numerical investigation reveals that there exists an optimal range of window profiles (around 10% of the total signal length) that minimizes the error with respect to standard single-frequency sweep techniques. The minimum error is set by the noise floor of the instrument, suggesting that the accuracy of an optimally windowed-chirp (OWCh) sequence is directly comparable to that achievable with a standard frequency sweep, while the acquisition time can be reduced by up to 2 orders of magnitude, for comparable spectral content. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of this optimized signal to provide time- and frequency-resolved rheometric data by studying the fast gelation process of an acid-induced protein gel using repeated OWCh pulse sequences. The use of optimally windowed chirps enables a robust time-resolved rheological characterization of a wide range of soft materials undergoing rapid mutation and has the potential to become an invaluable rheometric tool for researchers across different disciplines.

VL - 8 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.041042 IS - 4 JO - Phys. Rev. X ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Two-dimensional numerical simulation of chimney fluidization in a granular medium using a combination of discrete element and lattice Boltzmann methods JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2018 A1 - Jeff Ngoma A1 - Pierre Philippe A1 - Stéphane Bonelli A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We present here a numerical study dedicated to the fluidization of a submerged granular medium induced by a localized fluid injection. To this end, a two-dimensional (2D) model is used, coupling the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with the discrete element method (DEM) for a relevant description of fluid-grains interaction. An extensive investigation has been carried out to analyze the respective influences of the different parameters of our configuration, both geometrical (bed height, grain diameter, injection width) and physical (fluid viscosity, buoyancy). Compared to previous experimental works, the same qualitative features are recovered as regards the general phenomenology including transitory phase, stationary states, and hysteretic behavior. We also present quantitative findings about transient fluidization, for which several dimensionless quantities and scaling laws are proposed, and about the influence of the injection width, from localized to homogeneous fluidization. Finally, the impact of the present 2D geometry is discussed, by comparison to the real three-dimensional (3D) experiments, as well as the crucial role of the prevailing hydrodynamic regime within the expanding cavity, quantified through a cavity Reynolds number, that can presumably explain some substantial differences observed regarding upward expansion process of the fluidized zone when the fluid viscosity is changed.

VL - 97 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.97.052902 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Accurate classical short-range forces for the study of collision cascades in Fe–Ni–Cr JF - Computer Physics Communications Y1 - 2017 A1 - Béland, Laurent Karim A1 - Tamm, Artur A1 - Mu, Sai A1 - Samolyuk, D. A1 - Osetsky, N. A1 - Aabloo, Alvo A1 - Klintenberg, Mattias A1 - Caro, Alfredo A1 - Stoller, E. AB -

The predictive power of a classical molecular dynamics simulation is largely determined by the physical validity of its underlying empirical potential. In the case of high-energy collision cascades, it was recently shown that correctly modeling interactions at short distances is necessary to accurately predict primary damage production. An ab initio based framework is introduced for modifying an existing embedded-atom method FeNiCr potential to handle these short-range interactions. Density functional theory is used to calculate the energetics of two atoms approaching each other, embedded in the alloy, and to calculate the equation of state of the alloy as it is compressed. The pairwise terms and the embedding terms of the potential are modified in accordance with the ab initio results. Using this reparametrized potential, collision cascades are performed in Ni50Fe50, Ni80Cr20 and Ni33Fe33Cr33. The simulations reveal that alloying Ni and NiCr to Fe reduces primary damage production, in agreement with some previous calculations. Alloying Ni and NiFe to Cr does not reduce primary damage production, in contradiction with previous calculations.

VL - 219 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010465517301315 JO - Computer Physics Communications ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Carbon management of infrastructure performance: Integrated big data analytics and pavement-vehicle-interactions JF - Journal of Cleaner Production Y1 - 2017 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

As a crucial part of the transportation system, roadway network provides mobility to the society and is vital for the economy. At the same time it contributes significantly to the environmental footprint during its construction, operation and maintenance. Hence, the sustainable development of our Nation's roadway system requires quantitative means to link infrastructure performance to lifecycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Recent developments in mechanistic models of roughness- and deflection-induced pavement-vehicle interaction aim at providing such engineering estimates. Herein, it is demonstrated that these models when implemented at a network scale are a powerful basis for big data analytics of excess-energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by integrating spatially and temporally varying road conditions, pavement properties, traffic loads and climatic conditions. A novel ranking algorithm is proposed, that allows upscaling of the local carbon dioxide emissions due to pavement vehicle interaction to the size of state-wide or national sustainability goals. Implemented for 5157 lane-miles of the interstate highway system in the State of Virginia, sections contributing significantly to carbon dioxide emissions are identified. It is shown that the proposed ranking algorithm based on the inferred emission that exhibits a power-law distribution, provides the shortest path for greenhouse gas emissions savings per maintenance at network scale. That is, maintaining a few lane miles allows for a significant synergetic improvement of both infrastructure performance and environmental impact of the interstate network and helps transportation agencies in making economic and environmentally sustainable decisions.

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Fig.1. Flow of network analysis; the inputs and the output of deflection- and…

Fig.2. Spatial distribution of roughness- and deflection-induced excess CO2 emissions…

Fig.3. Total annual excess CO2 emissions (Tons) for a 7-year period (2007–2013) in…

Fig.4. Excess CO2 emissions in function of its rank

Fig.5. Comparison of different road selection strategies for maintenance in terms of…

VL - 142 IS - Special Issue: SI JO - Journal of Cleaner Production ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cohesive strength of iron ore granules JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Contreras, Rafael Jaimes A1 - Berger, Nicolas A1 - Izard, Edouard A1 - Douce, Jean-François A1 - Koltsov, Alexey A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - van Loo, Frédéric A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Luding, S. AB -

We present an experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical strength of crude iron ore (Hematite) granules in which capillary bonds between primary particles are the source of internal cohesion. The strength is measured by subjecting the granules to vertical compression between two plates. We show that the behavior of the granules is ductile with a well-defined plastic threshold which increases with the amount of water. It is found that the compressive strength scales with capillary cohesion with a pre-factor that is nearly independent of size polydispersity for the investigated range of parameters but increases with friction coefficient between primary particles. This weak dependence may be attributed to the class of fine particles which, due to their large number, behaves as a cohesive matrix that controls the strength of the granule.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714008020 IS - 10141146 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Compaction of granular materials composed of deformable particles JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Thanh Hai Nguyen A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Luding, S. AB -

In soft particle materials such as metallic powders the particles can undergo large deformations without rupture. The large elastic or plastic deformations of the particles are expected to strongly affect the mechanical properties of these materials compared to hard particle materials more often considered in research on granular materials. Herein, two numerical approaches are proposed for the simulation of soft granular systems: (i) an implicit formulation of the Material Point Method (MPM) combined with the Contact Dynamics (CD) method to deal with contact interactions, and (i) Bonded Particle Model (BPM), in which each deformable particle is modeled as an aggregate of rigid primary particles using the CD method. These two approaches allow us to simulate the compaction of an assembly of elastic or plastic particles. By analyzing the uniaxial compaction of 2D soft particle packings, we investigate the effects of particle shape change on the stress-strain relationship and volume change behavior as well as the evolution of the microstructure.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714005013 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Conformal field theory of critical Casimir forces between surfaces with alternating boundary conditions in two dimensions JF - Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment Y1 - 2017 A1 - Dubail, Jerome A1 - Santachiara, Raoul A1 - Emig, Thorsten KW - Casimir effect; conformal field theory; critical exponents and amplitudes AB -

Systems as diverse as binary mixtures and inclusions in biological membranes, and many more, can be described effectively by interacting spins. When the critical fluctuations in these systems are constrained by boundary conditions, critical Casimir forces (CCF) emerge. Here we analyze CCF between boundaries with alternating boundary conditions in two dimensions, employing conformal field theory (CFT). After presenting the concept of boundary changing operators, we specifically consider two different boundary configurations for a strip of critical Ising spins: (I) alternating equi-sized domains of up and down spins on both sides of the strip, with a possible lateral shift, and (II) alternating domains of up and down spins of different size on one side and homogeneously fixed spins on the other side of the strip. Asymptotic results for the CCF at small and large distances are derived. We introduce a novel modified Szego formula for determinants of real antisymmetric block Toeplitz matrices to obtain the exact CCF and the corresponding scaling functions at all distances. We demonstrate the existence of a surface renormalization group flow between universal force amplitudes of different magnitude and sign. The Casimir force can vanish at a stable equilibrium position that can be controlled by parameters of the boundary conditions. Lateral Casimir forces assume a universal simple cosine form at large separations.

UR - http://stacks.iop.org/1742-5468/2017/i=3/a=033201?key=crossref.e58e04fb8593248b573c53589bed0f1d JO - J. Stat. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Crystal-chemistry control of the mechanical properties of 2:1 clay minerals JF - Applied Clay Science Y1 - 2017 A1 - Berthonneau, Jeremie A1 - Christian G. Hoover A1 - Grauby, Olivier A1 - Alain Baronnet A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Clay minerals are the main constituents of the clay matrix of a wide variety of sedimentary deposits. When subjected to burial, some of these minerals undergo phase transitions accompanied by atomic substitutions which ultimately impact the cohesive interactions between their constitutive layers. The most common among such transitions is smectite illitization, which is also highly relevant for oil and gas exploration and production from source rocks. The impact of this transition on the mechanical properties of clay minerals as well as clay bearing rocks remains, however, to be properly addressed. To this end, a set of macroscopic single 2:1 clay minerals (pyrophyllite, talc, vermiculite, phlogopite, muscovite, and clintonite) representative of the two octahedral fillings and the variation in surface charge densities was investigated. A hybrid experimental-modeling approach is proposed, which combines nanoindentation in orthogonal directions (x1 and x3-directions) with analytical derivations of the cohesive energy (Ui) using XRD and TEM-EDS measurements. The results highlight that the interlayer energy defines the elasticity (modulus M), strength (hardness H) and ductility behavior (M/H) of these materials; and not the bond energy stored into the constituent layers. This finding permits the derivation of predictive stiffness and strength functional relations as derivatives of the interlayer energy that account for the arrangement of nanoscale layers and the interlayer composition. These relations suggest that as the cohesion increases with the coulombic interactions through progressive smectite illitization, the system loses its capacity to dissipate applied energy by dislocation mechanisms in between the layers, entailing an increase in brittleness of the clay particles with burial. By way of conclusion, the geophysics and geochemistry implications of these results for predicting the macroscopic mechanical performance of clay bearing geomaterials, such as economically valuable source rocks, are discussed.

VL - 143 JO - Applied Clay Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Disorder-induced stiffness degradation of highly disordered porous materials JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Monfared, Siavash A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The effective mechanical behavior of multiphase solid materials is generally modeled by means of homogenization techniques that account for phase volume fractions and elastic moduli without considering the spatial distribution of the different phases. By means of extensive numerical simulations of randomly generated porous materials using the lattice element method, the role of local textural properties on the effective elastic properties of disordered porous materials is investigated and compared with different continuum micromechanics-based models. It is found that the pronounced disorder-induced stiffness degradation originates from stress concentrations around pore clusters in highly disordered porous materials. We identify a single disorder parameter, φsa, which combines a measure of the spatial disorder of pores (the clustering index, sa) with the pore volume fraction (the porosity, φ) to scale the disorder-induced stiffness degradation. Thus, we conclude that the classical continuum micromechanics models with one spherical pore phase, due to their underlying homogeneity assumption fall short of addressing the clustering effect, unless additional texture information is introduced, e.g. in form of the shift of the percolation threshold with disorder, or other functional relations between volume fractions and spatial disorder; as illustrated herein for a differential scheme model representative of a two-phase (solid–pore) composite model material.

 

Fig. 1. Two-dimensional porous media: (a) ordered system, (b) type 1 disorder (pores…

Fig. 2. Two-point probability functions and associated microstructures of four systems…

Fig. 3. Probability Density Function (PDF) of the local porosity (φa) and associated…

Fig. 4. (a) Degrees of freedom of a link element between points i and j, (b) D3Q18 unit…

Fig. 5. Dimensionless effective Young’s modulus: Eeff(φ)/Es as function of the porosity…

Fig. 6. Dimensionless effective Young’s modulus: Eeff(φ)/Es as function of the porosity

Fig. 7. Ordered system under uniaxial strain, (a) schematic stress map, the darker the…

Fig. 8. Dimensionless effective Young’s modulus: Eeff(φ)/Es as function of the porosity

Fig. 9. Probability Density Function (PDF) of the normalized stress (σxx/〈σxx〉) in the…

Fig. 10. Dimensionless disordered Young’s modulus: F(φsa)=Eeff(φ,sa)/Eordered(φ) as…

Fig. 11. Two-phase periodic porous solid

Fig. 12. Dimensionless disordered Young’s modulus: FMT(φsa)=Eeff(φ,sa)/EMT(φ) as…

Fig. 13. Integration path for the lower bound differential scheme

Fig. 14. Dimensionless effective Young’s modulus: Eeff(φ)/Es as function of porosity the

Fig. 15. Dimensionless disordered Young’s modulus: FMT(φsa)=Eeff(φ,sa)/EMT(φ) as…

Fig. B.16. (a) Porosity as a function of the number of pores

Fig. D.17. High porosity limit geometry

Fig. E.18. Calculation of the local porosity in a square observation window

VL - 106 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of particle size distribution on 3D packings of spherical particles JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Taiebat, Mahdi A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We use molecular dynamics simulations of frictionless spherical particles to investigate a class of polydisperse granular materials in which the particle size distribution is uniform in particle volumes. The particles are assembled in a box by uniaxial compaction under the action of a constant stress. Due to the absence of friction and the nature of size distribution, the generated packings have the highest packing fraction at a given size span, defined as the ratio α of the largest size to the smallest size. We find that, up to α = 5, the packing fraction is a nearly linear function of α. While the coordination number is nearly constant due to the isostatic nature of the packings, we show that the connectivity of the particles evolves with α. In particular, the proportion of particles with 4 contacts represents the largest proportion of particles mostly of small size. We argue that this particular class of particles occurs as a result of the high stability of local configurations in which a small particle is stuck by four larger particles.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714002030 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effective Potentials and Elastic Properties in the Lattice-Element Method: Isotropy and Transverse Isotropy JF - Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Monfared, Siavash A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Lattice approaches have emerged as a powerful tool to capture the effective mechanical behavior of heterogeneous materials using harmonic interactions inspired from beam-type stretch and rotational interactions between a discrete number of mass points. In this paper, the lattice element method (LEM) is reformulated within the conceptual framework of empirical force fields employed at the lattice scale. Within this framework, because classical harmonic formulations are but a Taylor expansion of nonharmonic potential expressions, they can be used to model both the linear and the nonlinear response of discretized material systems. Specifically, closed-form calibration procedures for such interaction potentials are derived for both the isotropic and the transverse isotropic elastic cases on cubic lattices, in the form of linear relations between effective elasticity properties and energy parameters that define the interactions. The relevance of the approach is shown by an application to the classical Griffith crack problem. In particular, it is shown that continuum-scale quantities of linear-elastic fracture mechanics, such as stress intensity factors (SIFs), are well captured by the method, which by its very discrete nature removes geometric discontinuities that provoke stress singularities in the continuum case. With its strengths and limitations thus defined, the proposed LEM is well suited for the study of multiphase materials whose microtextural information is obtained by, e.g., X-ray micro-computed tomography. (c) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.

VL - 7 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NM.2153-5477.0000125 IS - 3 JO - J. Nanomech. Micromech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From cellulose to kerogen: molecular simulation of a geological process JF - Chemical Science Y1 - 2017 A1 - Atmani, Lea A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Henri Van Damme A1 - Adri CT Van Duin A1 - Raza, Zamaan A1 - Truflandier, Lionel A. A1 - Amaël Obliger A1 - Kralert, Paul G. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale AB -

The process by which organic matter decomposes deep underground to form petroleum and its underlying kerogen matrix has so far remained a no man's land to theoreticians, largely because of the geological (Myears) timescale associated with the process. Using reactive molecular dynamics and an accelerated simulation framework, the replica exchange molecular dynamics method, we simulate the full transformation of cellulose into kerogen and its associated fluid phase under prevailing geological conditions. We observe in sequence the fragmentation of the cellulose crystal and production of water, the development of an unsaturated aliphatic macromolecular phase and its aromatization. The composition of the solid residue along the maturation pathway strictly follows what is observed for natural type III kerogen and for artificially matured samples under confined conditions. After expulsion of the fluid phase, the obtained microporous kerogen possesses the structure, texture, density, porosity and stiffness observed for mature type III kerogen and a microporous carbon obtained by saccharose pyrolysis at low temperature. As expected for this variety of precursor, the main resulting hydrocarbon is methane. The present work thus demonstrates that molecular simulations can now be used to assess, almost quantitatively, such complex chemical processes as petrogenesis in fossil reservoirs and, more generally, the possible conversion of any natural product into bio-sourced materials and/or fuel.

VL - 8 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7SC03466K IS - 12 JO - Chem. Sci. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Heat-induced aging of agar solutions: Impact on the structural and mechanical properties of agar gels JF - Food Hydrocolloids Y1 - 2017 A1 - Mao, Bosi A1 - Bentaleb, Ahmed A1 - Louerat, Frédéric A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Snabre, Patrick KW - Agar; Aging; Gelation; Debonding; Indentation; Fracture AB -

Thermoreversible gels are commonly prepared by cooling down to ambient temperature, aqueous polymer solutions first brought to a boil for a short time. Here, we study the effect of the latter duration on the subsequent gelation of an agar solution. Increasing the incubation time at high temperature (T= 80 degrees C) from hours to a few days leads to the hydrolysis and the oxidation of the polysaccharides, and results in the decrease of the viscosity and the pH of the solution. Samples withdrew at different incubation times are cooled down to form gels whose structure and mechanical properties are systematically determined. Cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments reveal that agar gels formed from solutions of increasing incubation times, display a coarser microstructure composed of micron-sized foils which result from the condensation of the polysaccharides, and contrast with the fibrous-like microstructure of gels prepared from a fresh agar solution. Along with structural changes, a prolonged incubation time of the agar solution at T = 80 degrees C leads to weaker gels than those made from fresher solutions, and extensive macro-indentation experiments coupled to direct visualization show that the gel rupture scenario turns from brittle to ductile-like as the incubation time increases. Our study suggests that the incubation time of agar solutions at high temperature could be used as an external control parameter to tune the mechanical properties of agar-based gels. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

VL - 64 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0268005X16305793 JO - Food Hydrocolloids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Impact of saccharides on the drying kinetics of agarose gels measured by in-situ interferometry JF - Scientific Reports Y1 - 2017 A1 - Mao, Bosi A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Snabre, Patrick AB -

Agarose gels are viscoelastic soft solids that display a porous microstructure filled with water at 90% w/w or more. Despite an extensive use in food industry and microbiology, little is known about the drying kinetics of such squishy solids, which suffers from a lack of time-resolved local measurements. Moreover, only scattered empirical observations are available on the role of the gel composition on the drying kinetics. Here we study by in-situ interferometry the drying of agarose gels of various compositions cast in Petri dishes. The gel thinning is associated with the displacement of interference fringes that are analyzed using an efficient spatiotemporal filtering method, which allows us to assess local thinning rates as low as 10 nm/s with high accuracy. The gel thinning rate measured at the center of the dish appears as a robust observable to quantify the role of additives on the gel drying kinetics and compare the drying speed of agarose gels loaded with various non-gelling saccharides of increasing molecular weights. Our work shows that saccharides systematically decrease the agarose gel thinning rate up to a factor two, and exemplifies interferometry as a powerful tool to quantify the impact of additives on the drying kinetics of polymer gels.

VL - 7 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41185 JO - Sci Rep ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Inhomogeneity in Cement Hydrates: Linking Local Packing to Local Pressure JF - Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Nanoscale structural heterogeneities were recently revealed in computational and experimental studies of calcium silicate hydrates in hardened cement pastes. In this work their consequences for the mechanics are analyzed by computing local pressures in model samples at different overall densities, corresponding to different initial water-to-cement ratios. The correlations between pore size distributions, local density, local cohesive energy, and local pressure clearly show how in these materials structural heterogeneities may be the origin of significant mechanical heterogeneities. The results indicate that even at high density pressure, heterogeneities develop during the densification of cement hydrates and result in the coexistence of regions of high positive pressure with regions of negative pressure, in spite of the overall mechanical stability of the samples. Furthermore, the regions of negative pressure, prone to mechanical instabilities and local plastic processes, tend to be localized close to the surface of large mesopores and hence to be more significant at higher initial water content.
Inhomogeneity in Cement Hydrates: Linking Local Packing to Local Pressure. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314222493_Inhomogeneity_in_Cement_Hydrates_Linking_Local_Packing_to_Local_Pressure [accessed Oct 2, 2017].

VL - 7 IS - 2 JO - J. Nanomech. Micromech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Inorganic, Hybridized and Living Macrocellular Foams: “Out of the Box” Heterogeneous Catalysis JF - The Chemical Record Y1 - 2017 A1 - Roucher, Armand A1 - Depardieu, Martin A1 - Pekin, Deniz A1 - Morvan, Mickaël A1 - Backov, Renal KW - catalysts; emulsion-templating; integrative chemistry; porous matter; sol-gel process AB -

With this personal account we show how the Integrative Chemistry, when combining the sol-gel process and concentrated emulsions, allows to trigger inorganic, hybrid or living materials when dedicated toward heterogeneous catalysis applications. In here we focus on 3D-macrocellular monolithic foams bearing hierarchical porosities and applications thereof toward heterogeneous catalysis where both activities and mass transport are enhanced. We thereby first depict the general background of emulsions, focusing on concentrated ones, acting as soft templates for the design of solid (HIPE) foams, HIPE being the acronym for High Internal Phase Emulsions while encompassing both sol-gel and polymer chemistry. Secondly we extend this approach toward the design of inorganic cellular materials labeled Si(HIPE) and hybrid organic-inorganic foams, labeled Organo-Si(HIPE), where heterogeneous catalysis applications are addressed considering acidic, metallic, enzymatic and bacterial-based modified Si-HIPE. Along, we will show how the fluid hydrodynamic within the macrocellular foams is offering advanced "out of the box" heterogeneous catalytic capabilities.

VL - 18 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tcr.v18.7-8 IS - 7-8 JO - Chem. Rec. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Magnetism as indirect tool for carbon content assessment in nickel nanoparticles JF - Journal of Applied Physics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Oumellal, Y. A1 - Yann Magnin A1 - ínez de Yuso, A. A1 - Aguiar Hualde, J. M. A1 - Amara, H. A1 - Paul-Boncour, V. A1 - Matei Ghimbeu, C. A1 - Malouche, A. A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Zlotea, C. AB -

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study to ascertain carbon solubility in nickel nanoparticles embedded into a carbon matrix via the one-pot method. This original approach is based on the experimental characterization of the magnetic properties of Ni at room temperature and Monte Carlo simulations used to calculate the magnetization as a function of C content in Ni nanoparticles. Other commonly used experimental methods fail to accurately determine the chemical analysis of these types of nanoparticles. Thus, we could assess the C content within Ni nanoparticles and it decreases from 8 to around 4 at. % with increasing temperature during the synthesis. This behavior could be related to the catalytic transformation of dissolved C in the Ni particles into graphite layers surrounding the particles at high temperature. The proposed approach is original and easy to implement experimentally since only magnetization measurements at room temperature are needed. Moreover, it can be extended to other types of magnetic nanoparticles dissolving carbon.

VL - 122 UR - http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5006138http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5006138 IS - 21 JO - Journal of Applied Physics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Many-body heat radiation and heat transfer in the presence of a nonabsorbing background medium JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2017 A1 - Müller, Boris A1 - Incardone, Roberta A1 - Antezza, Mauro A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Krüger, Matthias AB -

Heat radiation and near-field radiative heat transfer can be strongly manipulated by adjusting geometrical shapes, optical properties, or the relative positions of the objects involved. Typically, these objects are considered as embedded in vacuum. By applying the methods of fluctuational electrodynamics, we derive general closed-form expressions for heat radiation and heat transfer in a system of N arbitrary objects embedded in a passive nonabsorbing background medium. Taking into account the principle of reciprocity, we explicitly prove the symmetry and positivity of transfer in any such system. Regarding applications, we find that the heat radiation of a sphere as well as the heat transfer between two parallel plates is strongly enhanced by the presence of a background medium. Regarding near- and far-field transfer through a gas like air, we show that a microscopic model (based on gas particles) and a macroscopic model (using a dielectric contrast) yield identical results. We also compare the radiative transfer through a medium like air and the energy transfer found from kinetic gas theory.

VL - 95 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.95.085413 IS - 8 JO - Phys. Rev. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mechanisms of jamming in the Nagel-Schreckenberg model for traffic flow JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2017 A1 - Bette, Henrik M. A1 - Habel, Lars A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Schreckenberg, Michael AB -

We study the Nagel-Schreckenberg cellular automata model for traffic flow by both simulations and analytical techniques. To better understand the nature of the jamming transition, we analyze the fraction of stopped cars P(v=0) as a function of the mean car density. We present a simple argument that yields an estimate for the free density where jamming occurs, and show satisfying agreement with simulation results. We demonstrate that the fraction of jammed cars P(v{0,1}) can be decomposed into the three factors (jamming rate, jam lifetime, and jam size) for which we derive, from random walk arguments, exponents that control their scaling close to the critical density.

VL - 95 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.012311 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mesoscale Poroelasticity of Heterogeneous Media JF - Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Monfared, Siavash A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The poromechanics of heterogeneous media is reformulated in a discrete framework using the lattice element method (LEM) that accounts for the presence of interfaces as well as local microtextural and elastic variations. The exchange of mechanical information between pore and solid(s) is captured by means of force field potentials for these domains, which eliminate the requirement of scale separability of continuum-based poromechanics approaches. In congruence with mu VT and NPT ensembles of statistical mechanics, discrete expressions for Biot poroelastic coefficients are derived. Considering harmonic-type interaction potentials for each link, analytical expressions for both isotropic and transversely isotropic effective elasticity are presented. The theory is validated against continuum-based expressions of Biot poroelastic coefficients for porous media with isotropic and transversely isotropic elastic solid behavior. (C) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.

VL - 7 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NM.2153-5477.0000136 IS - 4 JO - J. Nanomech. Micromech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Methodology for Estimation of Nanoscale Hardness via Atomistic Simulations JF - Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Qomi, M. J. Abdolhosseini A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - Atomistic simulation; Friction; Cohesion; Hardness; Tobermorite; Montmorillonite AB -

Statistical mechanics has provided powerful techniques to measure mechanical properties of materials at the nanoscale and paved the way for bottom-up computational materials design. The introduction of such techniques in civil engineering applications, namely construction and geotechnical materials, remains limited to the elastic and fracture properties. This paper presents an atomistic approach to calculate the nanoscale cohesion, friction angle, and hardness. This method is based on the application of biaxial external deformation, or stress, in the weakest crystallographic direction in the material. The onset of the failure is characterized by investigating the unloading paths from several points on the stress-strain curve. Such calculations of the failure stress along different deformation paths provide multiple failure Mohr circles in the normal-shear stress space, which is found to provide a failure envelope akin to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion that is widely used for the plastic analysis of granular geomaterials. The failure envelope characterizes the nanoscale cohesion and friction angle, which in conjunction with continuum mechanics can be utilized to estimate the nanoscale hardness of layered materials. Application of this method to tobermorite and Na-montmorillonite crystals yields values that are close to the experimental measurements obtained using nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy techniques. (C) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.

VL - 7 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NM.2153-5477.0000127 IS - 4 JO - J. Nanomech. Micromech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Model representations of kerogen structures: An insight from density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic measurements JF - Scientific Reports Y1 - 2017 A1 - Weck, Philippe F. A1 - Kim, Eunja A1 - Wang, Yifeng A1 - Kruichak, Jessica N. A1 - Mills, Melissa M. A1 - Matteo, Edward N. A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Molecular structures of kerogen control hydrocarbon production in unconventional reservoirs. Significant progress has been made in developing model representations of various kerogen structures. These models have been widely used for the prediction of gas adsorption and migration in shale matrix. However, using density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) calculations and vibrational spectroscopic measurements, we here show that a large gap may still remain between the existing model representations and actual kerogen structures, therefore calling for new model development. Using DFPT, we calculated Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra for six most widely used kerogen structure models. The computed spectra were then systematically compared to the FTIR absorption spectra collected for kerogen samples isolated from Mancos, Woodford and Marcellus formations representing a wide range of kerogen origin and maturation conditions. Limited agreement between the model predictions and the measurements highlights that the existing kerogen models may still miss some key features in structural representation. A combination of DFPT calculations with spectroscopic measurements may provide a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the adequacy of a proposed structural model as well as for future model development. This approach may eventually help develop comprehensive infrared (IR)-fingerprints for tracing kerogen evolution.

VL - 7 IS - 1 JO - Sci Rep ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Modeling Granular Materials: Century-Long Research across Scales JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Noel  Roux A1 - Daouadji, Ali AB -

Granular materials are the most recurrent form of solid-state matter on Earth. They challenge researchers and engineers in various fields not only because they occur with a broad variety of grain sizes, shapes and interactions in nature and industry, but also because they show a rich panoply of mechanical states. Despite this polymorphism, all these different types of soils, powders, granules, ores, pharmaceutical products, etc., are instances of the granular matter with the same least common denominator of being sandlike (psammoid in Greek), i.e., solid grains interacting via frictional contacts. This review describes milestone contributions to the field of granular materials since the early elastic-plastic models developed for soils in the 1950s. The research on granular materials has grown into a vast multidisciplinary field in the 1980s with increasing focus on the microstructure and owing to new experimental tools and discrete simulation methods. It turns out that the granular texture, particle-scale kinematics, and force transmission are far more complex than presumed in early micromechanical models of granular materials. Hence, constitutive relations cannot easily be derived from the particle-scale behavior although advanced continuum models have been developed to account for anisotropy, intermediate stress, and complex loading paths. The subtle elastic properties and origins of bulk friction will be discussed, as well as the effects of particle shape and size distributions. The review covers also recent developments in macroscopic modeling such as the thermomechanical approach, anisotropic critical state theory, nonlocal modeling approach, inertial flows, and material instabilities. Finally, a brief account is given of open issues and some new frontiers and challenges in the field.

VL - 143 IS - 4 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Modeling root growth in granular soils: effects of root stiffness and packing fraction JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Fakih, Mahmoud A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Fourcaud, Thierry ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. AB -

We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of root bending stiffness and packing fraction on the path followed by a growing root in 2D packings of grains representing a soil. The root is modeled as a chain of elements that can grow in length and change their direction depending on the forces exerted by soil grains. We show that the root shape is mainly controlled by the bending stiffness of its apex. At low stiffness, the root randomly explores the pore space whereas at sufficiently high stiffness, of the order of soil hardness multiplied by mean grain size, the root follows a straight path across the soil. Between these two limits, the root shape can be characterized by the standard deviation of its re-directions at the scale of soil grains. We find that this shape parameter varies as a power-law function of the normalized bending stiffness.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714014013 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Modeling soft granular materials JF - Granular Matter Y1 - 2017 A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Thanh Hai Nguyen A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Soft-grain materials such as clays and other colloidal pastes share the common feature of being composed of grains that can undergo large deformations without rupture. For the simulation of such materials, we present two alternative methods: (1) an implicit formulation of the material point method (MPM), in which each grain is discretized as a collection of material points, and (2) the bonded particle model (BPM), in which each soft grain is modeled as an aggregate of rigid particles using the contact dynamics method. In the MPM, a linear elastic behavior is used for the grains. In order to allow the aggregates in the BPM to deform without breaking, we use long-range center-to-center attraction forces between the primary particles belonging to each grain together with steric repulsion at their contact points. We show that these interactions lead to a plastic behavior of the grains. Using both methods, we analyze the uniaxial compaction of 2D soft granular packings. This process is nonlinear and involves both grain rearrangements and large deformations. High packing fractions beyond the jamming state are reached as a result of grain shape change for both methods. We discuss the stress-strain and volume change behavior as well as the evolution of the connectivity of the grains. Similar textures are observed at large deformations although the BPM requires higher stress than the MPM to reach the same level of packing fraction.

VL - 19 IS - 1 JO - Granular Matter ER - TY - Generic T1 - Modelling Transient Dynamics of Granular Slopes: MPM and DEM T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD (MPM 2017) Book Series: Procedia Engineering Y1 - 2017 A1 - Krishna Kumar A1 - Kenichi Soga A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Rohe, A ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Teunissen, H AB -

Transient granular flows, such as rock falls, debris flows, and aerial and submarine avalanches, occur very often in nature. In the geotechnical context, transient movements of large granular slopes are a substantial factor of risk due to their destructive force and the transformations the y may produce in the landscape. This paper investigates the ability of MPM, a continuum approach, to reproduce the evolution of a granular slope destabilised by an external energy source. In particular, a central issue is whether the power-law dependence of run-out distance and time observed with respect to the initial geometry or energy can be reproduced by a simple Mohr-Coulomb plastic behaviour. The effect of base friction on the run-out kinematics is studied by comparing the data obtained from the DEM and MPM simulations. The mechanism of energy dissipation is primarily through friction and the MPM is able to predict the run-out response in good agreement with the DEM simulations. At very low excitation energies, the DEM simulations show longer run-out in comparison to the MPM due to local destabilization at the flow front. At low input energies, a larger fraction of the energy is consumed in the destabilisation process, hence the amount energy available for flow is less. However, at higher input energy, where most of the energy is dissipated during the spreading phase, the run-out distance has a weak dependence on the distribution of velocity in the granular mass.

JF - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD (MPM 2017) Book Series: Procedia Engineering PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - JAN 10-13, 2017, Delft, NETHERLANDS VL - 175 JO - Procedia Engineering ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular Modeling and Adsorption Properties of Ordered Silica-Templated CMK Mesoporous Carbons JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2017 A1 - Jain, Surendra Kumar A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Keith E. Gubbins A1 - Peng, Xuan AB -

Realistic molecular models of silica-templated CMK-1, CMK-3, and CMK-5 carbon materials have been developed by using carbon rods and carbon pipes that were obtained by adsorbing carbon in a model MCM-41 pore. The interactions between the carbon atoms with the silica matrix were described using the PN-Traz potential, and the interaction between the carbon atoms was calculated by the reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential. Carbon rods and pipes with different thicknesses were obtained by changing the silica–carbon interaction strength, the temperature, and the chemical potential of carbon vapor adsorption. These equilibrium structures were further used to obtain the atomic models of CMK-1, CMK-3, and CMK-5 materials using the same symmetry as found in TEM pictures. These models are further refined and made more realistic by adding interconnections between the carbon rods and carbon pipes. We calculated the geometric pore size distribution of the different models of CMK-5 and found that the presence of interconnections results in some new features in the pore size distribution. Argon adsorption properties were investigated using GCMC simulations to characterize these materials at 77 K. We found that the presence of interconnection results greatly improves the agreement with available experimental data by shifting the capillary condensation to lower pressures. Adding interconnections also induces smoother adsorption/condensation isotherms, and desorption/evaporation curves show a sharp jump. These features reflex the complexity of the nanovoids in CMKs in terms of their pore morphology and topology.

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VL - 33 IS - 9 ER - TY - Generic T1 - MPM with Frictional Contact for Application to Soft Particulate Materials T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD (MPM 2017) Book Series: Procedia Engineering Y1 - 2017 A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Thanh Hai Nguyen A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Julien Averseng A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Rohe, A ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Teunissen, H AB -

Soft particle materials are composed of discrete particles that can undergo large deformations without rupture. Most food products, many powders, colloidal pastes, vesicles and biological cells are soft particle systems. In order to model such materials, we present an efficient numerical approach combining an implicit formulation of the Material Point Method (MPM) and Contact Dynamics (CD) method. The MPM deals with bulk variables of an individual particle by discretizing it as a collection of material points, whereas the CD allows for the treatment of frictional contacts between particles. This model is applied for the simulation of the uniaxial compression of 2D soft-particle packings. The compaction is a nonlinear process in which new contacts are formed between particles and the contact areas increase. The change of particle shapes allows these materials to reach high packing fraction. We find that the contact specific surface, the orientation anisotropy and the aspect ratio of particles increase as a function of the packing fraction but at different rates. We also evidence the effect of friction, which favors strong stress chains and thus the elongation of particles, leading to larger values of the orientation anisotropy and the aspect ratio at a given level of packing fraction as compared to a frictionless particle packing.

JF - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD (MPM 2017) Book Series: Procedia Engineering PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - JAN 10-13, 2017, Delft, NETHERLANDS VL - 175 JO - Procedia Engineering ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nano-granular texture of cement hydrates JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Pierre E. Levitz A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Farhang Radjaï ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

Mechanical behavior of concrete crucially depends on cement hydrates, the “glue” of cement. The design of high performance and more environmentally friendly cements demands a deeper understanding of the formation of the multiscale structure of cement hydrates, when they precipitate and densify. We investigate the precipitation and setting of nano-grains of cement hydrates using a combination of Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics numerical simulations and study their texture from nano up to the micron scale. We characterize the texture of cement hydrates using the local volume fraction distribution, the pore size distribution, the scattering intensity and the chord length distribution and we compare them with experiments. Our nano-granular model provides cement structure with realistic texture and mechanics and can be further used to investigate degradation mechanisms.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714015027 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nonequilibrium Fluctuational Quantum Electrodynamics: Heat Radiation, Heat Transfer, and Force JF - Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Kardar, Mehran A1 - Krüger, Matthias AB -

Quantum-thermal fluctuations of electromagnetic waves are the cornerstone of quantum statistics and inherent to phenomena such as thermal radiation and van der Waals forces. Although the principles are found in elementary texts, recent experimental and technological advances make it necessary to come to terms with counterintuitive consequences at short scales—the so-called near-field regime. We focus on three manifestations: (a) The Stefan–Boltzmann law describes radiation from macroscopic bodies but fails for small objects. (b) The heat transfer between two bodies at close proximity is dominated by evanescent waves and can be orders of magnitude larger than the classical (propagating) contribution. (c) Casimir forces, dominant at submicron separation, are not sufficiently explored for objects at different temperatures (at least experimentally). We explore these phenomena using fluctuational quantum electrodynamics (QED), introduced by Rytov in the 1950s, combined with scattering formalisms. This enables investigation of different material properties, shapes, separations, and arrangements.

VL - 8 UR - http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031016-025203 IS - 1 JO - Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nonlinear Viscoelasticity and Generalized Failure Criterion for Polymer Gels JF - ACS Macro Letters Y1 - 2017 A1 - Keshavarz, Bavand A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Manneville, Sébastien A1 - McKinley, Gareth H. AB -

Polymer gels behave as soft viscoelastic solids and exhibit a generic nonlinear mechanical response characterized by pronounced stiffening prior to irreversible failure, most often through macroscopic fractures. Here, we describe this scenario for a model protein gel using an integral constitutive equation built upon the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of the gel. We show that this formalism predicts quantitatively the gel mechanical response in shear start-up experiments, up to the onset of macroscopic failure. Moreover, we couple the computed stress response with Bailey's durability criterion for brittle solids in order to predict the critical values of the stress sigma(c) and strain gamma(c) at failure. The excellent agreement between theory and experiments suggests that failure in this soft viscoelastic gel is a Markovian process and that Bailey's failure criterion extends beyond hard materials such as metals, glasses, or minerals.

VL - 6 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00213 IS - 7 JO - ACS Macro Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Numerical insight into the micromechanics of jet erosion of a cohesive granular material JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Cuellar, Pablo A1 - Benseghier, Zeyd A1 - Luu, Li-Hua A1 - Stéphane Bonelli A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Pierre Philippe ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. AB -

Here we investigate the physical mechanisms behind the surface erosion of a cohesive granular soil induced by an impinging jet by means of numerical simulations coupling fluid and grains at the microscale. The 2D numerical model combines the Discrete Element and Lattice Boltzmann methods (DEM-LBM) and accounts for the granular cohesion with a contact model featuring a paraboloidal yield surface. Here we review first the hydrodynamical conditions imposed by the fluid jet on a solid granular packing, turning then the attention to the impact of cohesion on the erosion kinetics. Finally, the use of an additional subcritical debonding damage model based on the work of Silvani and co-workers provides a novel insight into the internal solicitation of the cohesive granular sample by the impinging jet.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714015017 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Numerical modeling of the tensile strength of a biological granular aggregate: Effect of the particle size distribution JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Heinze, Karsta A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Valérie Lullien-Pellerina A1 - George, Matthieu A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. AB -

Wheat grains can be considered as a natural cemented granular material. They are milled under high forces to produce food products such as flour. The major part of the grain is the so-called starchy endosperm. It contains stiff starch granules, which show a multi-modal size distribution, and a softer protein matrix that surrounds the granules. Experimental milling studies and numerical simulations are going hand in hand to better understand the fragmentation behavior of this biological material and to improve milling performance. We present a numerical study of the effect of granule size distribution on the strength of such a cemented granular material. Samples of bi-modal starch granule size distribution were created and submitted to uniaxial tension, using a peridynamics method. We show that, when compared to the effects of starch-protein interface adhesion and voids, the granule size distribution has a limited effect on the samples’ yield stress.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714008013 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Numerical study of the failure of materials embedding soft to hard particles JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. AB -

In this study, we use a bond-based peridynamic approach to investigate the mechanical strength and cracking of composite materials with spherical inclusions. The total volume fraction of particles and the particle-matrix toughness ratio were varied to cover a range of soft to hard inclusions. The mean particle damage was characterized together with crack patterns at a sub-particle scale. Three types of crack patterns are identified depending on the toughness ratio.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714002029 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Peridynamics simulation of the comminution of particles containing microcraks JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Blanc, Nicolas A1 - Frank, Xavier A1 - Mayer-Laigle, Claire A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

In this study, we rely on a ’bond-based’ peridynamic approach to investigate the strength and failure of 2D particles containing a collection of 1D microcracks. The mechanical tests were performed on disks under diametral compression. In an extensive parametric study, the distribution of microcracks was varied for different particle sizes. The evolution of yield stress with diameter and the probability of failure in terms of Weibull distributions are investigated in detail. Finally, by means of a floodfill algorithm, we analyze the variation of the mean fragment size as a function of the density of defects.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714007018 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Potential of Mean Force concept for bridging (length and time) scales in the modeling of complex porous materials JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Farhang Radjaï ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We introduce the concept of Potential of Mean Force, PMF, as a way to implement upscaling modeling from the nano-scale to micron-scale. A PMF is a free energy function representing in an effective way the interactions between objects (cement hydrates, clay platelets, etc.) at thermodynamics conditions. The PMF is therefore the key piece of information allowing to coarse-grained Physical-Chemistry information in a meso-scale model formulation. The use of PMF offers a huge computational advantage as it allows a straight up-scaling to the meso-scale while keeping essential interactions information that are the hallmark of Physical-Chemistry processes. Such a coarse-grained modeling integrates atomistic response into inter-particle potentials that fully propagate molecular scale information all the way to the meso-scale.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714001009 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A potential-of-mean-force approach for fracture mechanics of heterogeneous materials using the lattice element method JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Fracture of heterogeneous materials has emerged as a critical issue in many engineering applications, ranging from subsurface energy to biomedical applications, and requires a rational framework that allows linking local fracture processes with global fracture descriptors such as the energy release rate, fracture energy and fracture toughness. This is achieved here by means of a local and a global potential-of-mean-force (PMF) inspired Lattice Element Method (LEM) approach. In the local approach, fracture-strength criteria derived from the effective interaction potentials between mass points are shown to exhibit a scaling commensurable with the energy dissipation of fracture processes. In the global PMF-approach, fracture is considered as a sequence of equilibrium states associated with minimum potential energy states analogous to Griffith’s approach. It is found that this global approach has much in common with a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) approach, in which mass points are randomly removed following a maximum dissipation criterion until the energy release rate reaches the fracture energy. The duality of the two approaches is illustrated through the application of the PMF-inspired LEM for fracture propagation in a homogeneous linear elastic solid using different means of evaluating the energy release rate. Finally, by application of the method to a textbook example of fracture propagation in a heterogeneous material, it is shown that the proposed PMF-inspired LEM approach captures some well-known toughening mechanisms related to fracture energy contrast, elasticity contrast and crack deflection in the considered two-phase layered composite material.

VL - 105 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Production of H 2 by water radiolysis in cement paste under electron irradiation: A joint experimental and theoretical study JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2017 A1 - Le Caer, Sophie A1 - Dezerald, Lucile A1 - Boukari, Khaoula A1 - Laine, Maxime A1 - Taupin, sébastien A1 - Kavanagh, Ryan M. A1 - Johnston, Conrad S.N. A1 - Foy, Eddy A1 - Charpentier, Thibault A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Tribello, Gareth A. A1 - Kohanoff, Jorge J. A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

Long-term confinement of nuclear waste is one of the main challenges faced by the nuclear industry. Fission products such as Sr-90 and Cs-137, both beta(-) emitters known to induce serious health hazards, represent the largest fraction of nuclear waste. Cement is a good candidate to store them, provided it can resist the effects of irradiation over time. Here, we have investigated the effects of beta(-) decay on cement by performing electron irradiation experiments on different samples. We show that H-2 production in cement, the main effect of water radiolysis, depends strongly on composition and relative humidity. First-principles calculations indicate that the water-rich interlayer regions with Ca2+ ions act as electron traps that promote the formation of H-2. They also show that holes localize in water-rich regions in low Ca content samples and are then able to participate in H-2 production. This work provides new understanding of radiolysis effects in cements.

VL - 100 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008884617302065 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of Interfaces in Elasticity and Failure of Clay–Organic Nanocomposites: Toughening upon Interface Weakening? JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2017 A1 - György Hantal A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Synthetic organic-inorganic composites constitute a new class of engineering materials finding applications in an increasing range of fields. The interface between the constituting phases plays a pivotal role in the enhancement of mechanical properties. In exfoliated clay-organic nanocomposites, individual, high aspect ratio clay sheets are dispersed in the organic matrix providing large interfaces and hence efficient stress transfer. In this study, we aim at elucidating molecular-scale reinforcing mechanisms in a series of model clay-organic composite systems by means of reactive molecular simulations. In our models, two possible locations of failure initiation are present: one is the interlayer space of the clay platelet, and the other one is the clay-organic interface. We systematically modify the cohesiveness of the interface and assess how the failure mechanism changes when the different model composites are subjected to a tensile test. Besides a change in the failure mechanism, an increase in the released energy at the interface (meaning an increased overall toughness) are observed upon weakening the interface by bond removal. We propose a theoretical analysis of these results by considering a cohesive law that captures the effect of the interface on the composite mechanics. We suggest an atomistic interpretation of this cohesive law, in particular, how it relates to the degree of bonding at the interface. In a broader perspective, this work sheds light on the importance of the orthogonal behavior of interfaces to nanocomposites.

https://pubs-acs-org.libproxy.mit.edu/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/langd5/2017/langd5.2017.33.issue-42/acs.langmuir.7b01071/20171025/images/medium/la-2017-01071k_0008.gif

VL - 33 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01071 IS - 42 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scaling behavior of immersed granular flows JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - L. Amarsid A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Yann Monerie A1 - Perales, F. A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. AB -

The shear behavior of granular materials immersed in a viscous fluid depends on fluid properties (viscosity, density), particle properties (size, density) and boundary conditions (shear rate, confining pressure). Using computational fluid dynamics simulations coupled with molecular dynamics for granular flow, and exploring a broad range of the values of parameters, we show that the parameter space can be reduced to a single parameter that controls the packing fraction and effective friction coefficient. This control parameter is a modified inertial number that incorporates viscous effects.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714009044 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Small solar system bodies as granular systems JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hestroffer, Daniel A1 - Adriano Campo Bagatín A1 - Losert, Wolfgang A1 - Opsomer, Eric A1 - Sánchez, Paul A1 - Scheeres, Daniel J. A1 - Staron, Lydie A1 - Taberlet, Nicolas A1 - Yano, Hajime A1 - Eggl, Siegfried A1 - Lecomte, Charles-Edouard A1 - Murdoch, Naomi A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Richardson, Derek C. A1 - Salazar, Marcos A1 - Schwartz, Stephen R. A1 - Tanga, Paolo ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

Asteroids and other Small Solar System Bodies (SSSBs) are currently of great scientific and even industrial interest. Asteroids exist as the permanent record of the formation of the Solar System and therefore hold many clues to its understanding as a whole, as well as insights into the formation of planetary bodies. Additionally, SSSBs are being investigated in the context of impact risks for the Earth, space situational awareness and their possible industrial exploitation (asteroid mining). In all these aspects, the knowledge of the geophysical characteristics of SSSB surface and internal structure are of great importance. Given their size, constitution, and the evidence that many SSSBs are not simple monoliths, these bodies should be studied and modelled as self-gravitating granular systems in general, or as granular systems in micro-gravity environments in particular contexts. As such, the study of the geophysical characteristics of SSSBs is a multi-disciplinary effort that lies at the crossroads between Granular Mechanics, Celestial Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Aerospace Engineering and Computer Sciences.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714014011 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Springer Series in Geomechanics and GeoengineeringAdvances in Laboratory Testing and Modelling of Soils and Shales (ATMSS)Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Clay Films and Comparison with Molecular Simulations T2 - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Y1 - 2017 A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Henri Van Damme ED - Ferrari, Alessio ED - Laloui, Lyesse AB -

Here, we focus on the hydromechanical behavior of self-standing clay films with a thickness of a few dozen microns. We measure their elastic and creep properties and how those properties depend on the interlayer cation and on the relative humidity (or water content). Those experimental results are compared with the elastic and creep behavior of nanometric clay particles, which we characterize by molecular simulations. Significant qualitative differences between the behavior of the clay films and that of the clay particles are observed, which suggests that the hydromechanical behavior of the clay films is significantly impacted by their mesostructure (i.e., by how the clay particles or tactoids are arranged in space). Upscaling the hydromechanical behavior of the clay films from that of the clay particles may be challenging.

JF - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham SN - 978-3-319-52772-7 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-52773-4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Strength of wet agglomerates of spherical particles: effects of friction and size distribution JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Vo, Thanh-Trung A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Luding, S. AB -

We investigate the mechanical behavior of wet granular agglomerates composed of spherical particles by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The capillary cohesion force is modeled as an attraction force at the contact between two particles and expressed as an explicit function of the gap and volume of the liquid bridge. We are interested in the effect of the friction coefficient between primary particles. The agglomerates are subjected to diametrical compression tests. We find that the deformation is ductile involving particle rearrangements. However, a well-defined stress peak is observed and the peak stress is used as a measure of the compressive strength of the agglomerate. The strength increases with friction coefficient but levels off at friction coefficients above 0.4. Furthermore, the compressive strength is an increasing function of particle size span.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714008021 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stress Transmission and Failure in Disordered Porous Media JF - PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - et al AB -

By means of extensive lattice-element simulations, we investigate stress transmission and its relation with failure properties in increasingly disordered porous systems. We observe a non-Gaussian broadening of stress probability density functions under tensile loading with increasing porosity and disorder, revealing a gradual transition from a state governed by single-pore stress concentration to a state controlled by multipore interactions and metric disorder. This effect is captured by the excess kurtosis of stress distributions and shown to be nicely correlated with the second moment of local porosity fluctuations, which appears thus as a (dis)order parameter for the system. By generating statistical ensembles of porous textures with varying porosity and disorder, we derive a general expression for the fracture stress as a decreasing function of porosity and disorder. Focusing on critical sites where the local stress is above the global fracture threshold, we also analyze the transition to failure in terms of a coarse-graining length. These findings provide a general framework which can also be more generally applied to multiphase and structural heterogeneous materials.

 

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VL - 119 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stress Transmission and Failure in Disordered Porous Media JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

By means of extensive lattice-element simulations, we investigate stress transmission and its relation with failure properties in increasingly disordered porous systems. We observe a non-Gaussian broadening of stress probability density functions under tensile loading with increasing porosity and disorder, revealing a gradual transition from a state governed by single-pore stress concentration to a state controlled by multipore interactions and metric disorder. This effect is captured by the excess kurtosis of stress distributions and shown to be nicely correlated with the second moment of local porosity fluctuations, which appears thus as a (dis)order parameter for the system. By generating statistical ensembles of porous textures with varying porosity and disorder, we derive a general expression for the fracture stress as a decreasing function of porosity and disorder. Focusing on critical sites where the local stress is above the global fracture threshold, we also analyze the transition to failure in terms of a coarse-graining length. These findings provide a general framework which can also be more generally applied to multiphase and structural heterogeneous materials.

VL - 119 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.075501 IS - 7 JO - Phys. Rev. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Temperature distribution and heat radiation of patterned surfaces at short wavelengths JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2017 A1 - Emig, Thorsten AB -

We analyze the equilibrium spatial distribution of surface temperatures of patterned surfaces. The surface is exposed to a constant external heat flux and has a fixed internal temperature that is coupled to the outside heat fluxes by finite heat conductivity across the surface. It is assumed that the temperatures are sufficiently high so that the thermal wavelength (a few microns at room temperature) is short compared to all geometric length scales of the surface patterns. Hence the radiosity method can be employed. A recursive multiple scattering method is developed that enables rapid convergence to equilibrium temperatures. While the temperature distributions show distinct dependence on the detailed surface shapes (cuboids and cylinder are studied), we demonstrate robust universal relations between the mean and the standard deviation of the temperature distributions and quantities that characterize overall geometric features of the surface shape.

VL - 95 UR - http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.052104 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Three-dimensional bonded-cell model for grain fragmentation JF - Computational Particle Mechanics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Cantor, D A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Farhang Radjaï KW - Bonded-cell model; Fragmentation; Discrete element method; Contact dynamics method; Voronoi cell; Weibull statistics AB -

We present a three-dimensional numerical method for the simulation of particle crushing in 3D. This model is capable of producing irregular angular fragments upon particle fragmentation while conserving the total volume. The particle is modeled as a cluster of rigid polyhedral cells generated by a Voronoi tessellation. The cells are bonded along their faces by a cohesive Tresca law with independent tensile and shear strengths and simulated by the contact dynamics method. Using this model, we analyze the mechanical response of a single particle subjected to diametral compression for varying number of cells, their degree of disorder, and intercell tensile and shear strength. In particular, we identify the functional dependence of particle strength on the intercell strengths. We find that two different regimes can be distinguished depending on whether intercell shear strength is below or above its tensile strength. In both regimes, we observe a power-law dependence of particle strength on both intercell strengths but with different exponents. The strong effect of intercell shear strength on the particle strength reflects an interlocking effect between cells. In fact, even at low tensile strength, the particle global strength can still considerably increase with intercell shear strength. We finally show that the Weibull statistics describes well the particle strength variability.

VL - 4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40571-016-0129-0 IS - 4 JO - Comp. Part. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A time-dependent atomistic reconstruction of severe irradiation damage and associated property changes in nuclear graphite JF - Carbon Y1 - 2017 A1 - Baptiste Farbos A1 - Freeman, Helen A1 - Hardcastle, Trevor A1 - Da Costa, Jean-Pierre A1 - Brydson, Rik A1 - Scott, Andrew J. A1 - Weisbecker, Patrick A1 - Germain Christian A1 - Gérard L. Vignoles A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale KW - TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; HIGHLY ANISOTROPIC PYROCARBONS; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NEUTRON-IRRADIATION; CARBON; GRAPHENE; DEFECTS; ENERGY; NANOSTRUCTURE AB -

Wheat grains can be considered as a natural cemented granular material. They are milled under high forces to produce food products such as flour. The major part of the grain is the so-called starchy endosperm. It contains stiff starch granules, which show a multi-modal size distribution, and a softer protein matrix that surrounds the granules. Experimental milling studies and numerical simulations are going hand in hand to better understand the fragmentation behavior of this biological material and to improve milling performance. We present a numerical study of the effect of granule size distribution on the strength of such a cemented granular material. Samples of bi-modal starch granule size distribution were created and submitted to uniaxial tension, using a peridynamics method. We show that, when compared to the effects of starch-protein interface adhesion and voids, the granule size distribution has a limited effect on the samples’ yield stress.

VL - 120 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008622317304542 JO - Carbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Topological Control on the Structural Relaxation of Atomic Networks under Stress JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2017 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Wang, Mengyi A1 - Yu, Yingtian A1 - Wang, Bu A1 - Krishnan,  M. Anoop A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Upon loading, atomic networks can feature delayed irreversible relaxation. However, the effect of composition and structure on relaxation remains poorly understood. Herein, relying on accelerated molecular dynamics simulations and topological constraint theory, we investigate the relationship between atomic topology and stress-induced structural relaxation, by taking the example of creep deformations in calcium silicate hydrates (CSH), the binding phase of concrete. Under constant shear stress, CSH is found to feature delayed logarithmic shear deformations. We demonstrate that the propensity for relaxation is minimum for isostatic atomic networks, which are characterized by the simultaneous absence of floppy internal modes of relaxation and eigenstress. This suggests that topological nanoengineering could lead to the discovery of nonaging materials.

 

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VL - 119 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Rev. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Understanding rheological hysteresis in soft glassy materials JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2017 A1 - Radhakrishnan, Rangarajan A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Manneville, Sébastien A1 - Fielding, Suzanne M. AB -

Motivated by recent experimental studies of rheological hysteresis in soft glassy materials, we study numerically strain rate sweeps in simple yield stress fluids and viscosity bifurcating yield stress fluids. Our simulations of downward followed by upward strain rate sweeps, performed within fluidity models and the soft glassy rheology model, successfully capture the experimentally observed monotonic decrease of the area of the rheological hysteresis loop with sweep time in simple yield stress fluids, and the bell shaped dependence of hysteresis loop area on sweep time in viscosity bifurcating fluids. We provide arguments explaining these two different functional forms in terms of differing tendencies of simple and viscosity bifurcating fluids to form shear bands during the sweeps, and show that the banding behaviour captured by our simulations indeed agrees with that reported experimentally. We also discuss the difference in hysteresis behaviour between inelastic and viscoelastic fluids. Our simulations qualitatively agree with the experimental data discussed here for four different soft glassy materials.

VL - 13 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6SM02581A IS - 9 JO - Soft Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Viscoinertial regime of immersed granular flows JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2017 A1 - L. Amarsid A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Yann Monerie A1 - Perales, F. A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of extensive coupled molecular dynamics–lattice Boltzmann simulations, accounting for grain dynamics and subparticle resolution of the fluid phase, we analyze steady inertial granular flows sheared by a viscous fluid. We show that, for a broad range of system parameters (shear rate, confining stress, fluid viscosity, and relative fluid-grain density), the frictional strength and packing fraction can be described by a modified inertial number incorporating the fluid effect. In a dual viscous description, the effective viscosity diverges as the inverse square of the difference between the packing fraction and its jamming value, as observed in experiments. We also find that the fabric and force anisotropies extracted from the contact network are well described by the modified inertial number, thus providing clear evidence for the role of these key structural parameters in dense suspensions.

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VL - 96 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Wall roughness and nonlinear velocity profiles in granular shear flows JF - EPJ Web of Conferences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Schuhmacher, Paul A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Stéphane Roux ED - Saeid Nezamabadi ED - Luding, S. ED - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

Inhomogeneous velocity profiles in granular flows are well known from both experiments and simulations, and considered as a hallmark of nonlocal behavior. By means of extensive contact dynamics simulations, we show that the sigmoidal velocity profiles in 2D flows of rigid disks are controlled by the roughness of driving boundary walls. We find that the velocity profile becomes linear for a critical value of wall roughness up to an exponential decay close to the walls with a characteristic length that does not depend on the flow thickness and rate. We describe the velocity profiles by introducing a state parameter that carries wall perturbation. By assuming that the local shear rate is a linear function of the state parameter, we obtain an analytical expression that fits velocity profiles. In this model, the nonlinear velocity profiles are explained in terms of the effects of wall roughness as boundary condition for the state parameter.

VL - 140 UR - http://www.epj-conferences.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714003090 JO - EPJ Web Conf. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Yield stress materials in soft condensed matter JF - Reviews of Modern Physics Y1 - 2017 A1 - Bonn, Daniel A1 - Denn, Morton M. A1 - Berthier, Ludovic A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - Manneville, Sébastien AB -

A comprehensive review is presented of the physical behavior of yield stress materials in soft condensed matter, which encompasses a broad range of materials from colloidal assemblies and gels to emulsions and non-Brownian suspensions. All these disordered materials display a nonlinear flow behavior in response to external mechanical forces due to the existence of a finite force threshold for flow to occur: the yield stress. Both the physical origin and rheological consequences associated with this nonlinear behavior are discussed and an overview is given of experimental techniques available to measure the yield stress. Recent progress is discussed concerning a microscopic theoretical description of the flow dynamics of yield stress materials, emphasizing, in particular, the role played by relaxation time scales, the interplay between shear flow and aging behavior, the existence of inhomogeneous shear flows and shear bands, wall slip, and nonlocal effects in confined geometries.

VL - 89 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035005 IS - 3 JO - Rev. Mod. Phys. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Activated desorption at heterogeneous interfaces and long-time kinetics of hydrocarbon recovery from nanoporous media JF - Nature Communications Y1 - 2016 A1 - Lee, Thomas A1 - Lydéric Bocquet A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs (shale gas) is debated due to its environmental impact and uncertainties on its predictability. But a lack of scientific knowledge impedes the proposal of reliable alternatives. The requirement of hydrofracking, fast recovery decay and ultra-low permeability-inherent to their nanoporosity-are specificities of these reservoirs, which challenge existing frameworks. Here we use molecular simulation and statistical models to show that recovery is hampered by interfacial effects at the wet kerogen surface. Recovery is shown to be thermally activated with an energy barrier modelled from the interface wetting properties. We build a statistical model of the recovery kinetics with a two-regime decline that is consistent with published data: a short time decay, consistent with Darcy description, followed by a fast algebraic decay resulting from increasingly unreachable energy barriers. Replacing water by CO2 or propane eliminates the barriers, therefore raising hopes for clean/efficient recovery.

VL - 7 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11890 JO - Nat Commun ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption in heterogeneous porous media: Hierarchical and composite solids JF - Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Y1 - 2016 A1 - Deliere, Ludovic A1 - François Villemot A1 - David Farrusseng A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Topin, Sylvain A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Experiment and molecular simulation are used to investigate adsorption in heterogeneous porous media consisting of hierarchical solids (combining different porosity scales) or composite solids (such as silver nanoparticles adsorbed at the external surface of zeolite). It is shown that adsorption in such heterogeneous materials can be written as a linear combination of the adsorption isotherms in its different domains (i.e. porosity scales for the hierarchical sample and constituents for the composite sample). In the case of the composite material, we also show that the linear combination can be used with weighing parameters obtained for a different adsorbate. Such a superimposition principle, which is validated using well-characterized experimental samples, is of interest for characterization purpose as well as industrial applications as they can be used to determine accurately the amount of phases in a given sample (volume corresponding to a given porosity scale or constituent). In contrast, significant departure between the experimental adsorption isotherm and the linear combination can be used to detect coupling effects between the different domains or restrained access to a given domain type. Such a characterization strategy of complex heterogeneous media is complementary to other experiments, such as those probing capillary hysteresis shapes, scanning curves and subloops, which allow determining the distribution of domains within the framework of the independent domain theory. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

VL - 229 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387181116301032 JO - Microporous and Mesoporous Materials ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Binary mixtures of disks and elongated particles: Texture and mechanical properties JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2016 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Preechawuttipong, Itthichai A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

We analyze the shear strength and microstructure of binary granular mixtures consisting of disks and elongated particles by varying systematically both the mixture ratio and degree of homogeneity (from homogeneous to fully segregated). The contact dynamics method is used for numerical simulations with rigid particles interacting by frictional contacts. A counterintuitive finding of this work is that the shear strength, packing fraction, and, at the microscopic scale, the fabric, force, and friction anisotropies of the contact network are all nearly independent of the degree of homogeneity. In other words, homogeneous mixtures have the same strength properties as segregated packings of the two particle shapes. In contrast, the shear strength increases with the proportion of elongated particles correlatively with the increase of the corresponding force and fabric anisotropies. By a detailed analysis of the contact network topology, we show that various contact types contribute differently to force transmission and friction mobilization.

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VL - 94 IS - 4 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bottom-up model for understanding the effects of wheat endosperm microstructure on its mechanical strength JF - Journal of Food Engineering Y1 - 2016 A1 - Chichti, Emna A1 - Valérie Lullien-Pellerina A1 - George, Matthieu A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Rafik Affès A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

Wheat flours are essential ingredients of daily food products like bread, cookies or pastries. Their quality depends on the milling process and mechanical strength of wheat grains. Although it is well known that the strength and rupture of grains are strongly controlled by the endosperm microstructure, the respective roles of the starch and polymer volume fractions and their adhesion are not yet fully understood. This typical biological microstructure can be modeled as a cemented granular material, where the two size populations of starch granules (large:A-type, small:B-type) are the particles, and the protein matrix, which partially fills the space between granules, plays the role of a cement. This structural model of wheat endosperm is used, together with mechanical characteristics of starch and proteins obtained by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements, to simulate the mechanical behavior and breakage of wheat endosperm in milling process. We find that the porosity outweighs the effect of other parameters for the elastic modulus, which declines as a nearly linear function of porosity. We also show that the tensile strength is an increasing function of the amount and connectivity of starch granules with increasing concentration of stresses along chains of granules. This effect is more significant at low porosity where stress distribution is mainly controlled by the contact network between starch granules. This effect explains why the protein content is not fully correlated to vitreousness, and samples of similar protein content can be different in vitreosity. Finally, we find that the starch-granule adhesion strongly affects the tensile strength whereas the effect of starch volume fraction appears mainly at high interface adhesion, which is the case of hard type wheat grains.

Fig.1. (a) Scanning Electron Micrograph of the fracture surface of a soft wheat…

Fig.2. Illustration of the lattice approach for one step: (1) Initial lattice state…

Fig.3. (a) Bidisperse granular sample generated with DEM for the highest starch volume…

Fig.4. Example of samples submitted to tensile tests: (a) Maps of vertical stress…

Fig.5. Stress-strain plots showing the effect of different values of the starch…

Fig.6. Effective Young’s modulus as a function of (a) protein volume fraction ρp and…

VL - 190 JO - Journal of Food Engineering ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Breakthrough in Xenon Capture and Purification Using Adsorbent-Supported Silver Nanoparticles JF - Chemistry - A European Journal Y1 - 2016 A1 - Deliere, Ludovic A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Topin, Sylvain A1 - Gréau, Claire A1 - Moulin, Christophe A1 - David Farrusseng AB -

Rare gas capture and purification is a major challenge for energy, environment, and health applications. Of utmost importance for the nuclear industry, novel separation processes for Xe are urgently needed for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear activity monitoring. The recovered, non-radioactive Xe is also of high economic value for lighting, surgical anesthetic, etc. Here, using adsorption and breakthrough experiments and statistical mechanics molecular simulation, we show the outstanding performance of zeolite-supported silver nanoparticles to capture/separate Xe at low concentrations (0.087-100 ppm). We also establish the efficiency of temperature swing adsorption based on such adsorbents for Xe separation from Kr/Xe mixtures and air streams corresponding to off-gases generated by nuclear reprocessing. This study paves the way for the development of novel, cost-efficient technologies relying on the large selectivity/capacity of adsorbent-supported silver nanoparticles which surpass all materials ever tested.

VL - 22 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.201601351 IS - 28 JO - Chem. Eur. J. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cement As a Waste Form for Nuclear Fission Products: The Case of 90Sr and Its Daughters JF - Environmental Science & Technology Y1 - 2016 A1 - Dezerald, Lucile A1 - Kohanoff, Jorge J. A1 - Alfredo A. Correa A1 - Caro, Alfredo A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

One of the main challenges faced by the nuclear industry is the long-term confinement of nuclear waste. Because it is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, cement is the material of choice to store large volumes of radioactive materials, in particular the low-level medium-lived fission products. It is therefore of utmost importance to assess the chemical and structural stability of cement containing radioactive species. Here, we use ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to study the effects of Sr-90 insertion and decay in C-S-H (calcium-silicate-hydrate) in order to test the ability of cement to trap and hold this radioactive fission product and to investigate the consequences of its beta-decay on the cement paste structure. We show that Sr-90 is stable when it substitutes the Ca2+ ions in C-S-H, and so is its daughter nucleus Y-90 after beta-decay. Interestingly, Zr-90, daughter of Y-90 and final product in the decay sequence, is found to be unstable compared to the bulk phase of the element at zero K but stable when compared to the solvated ion in water. Therefore, cement appears as a suitable waste form for Sr-90 storage.

VL - 49 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b02609 IS - 22 JO - Environ. Sci. Technol. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Contribution of mechanical factors to the variability of root architecture: Quantifying the past history of interaction forces between growing roots and soil grains T2 - 2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL-STRUCTURAL PLANT GROWTH MODELING, SIMULATION, VISUALIZATION AND APPLICATIONS (FSPMA) Y1 - 2016 A1 - Fakih, Mahmoud A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Fourcaud, Thierry AB -

The relation between a growing root and the soil movement has often been under-estimated. The present work aims to determine how grains in granular soils are reorganized by the action of growing roots, and in turn how the resulting forces acting on root tips modify their development. For this purpose, we have developed a 2D Discrete Element Model (DEM) able to compute a numerical growth of a single root inside a granular medium, taking into account the grain-grain and the root-grain contact forces during the growth. First in silico simulations were carried out in order to : 1-quantify the influence of the granular structure (grain diameter distribution and gaps) and root mechanical properties (root bending stiffness) on the evolution of reaction forces applied to a single root during its growth; 2-highlight “group effects”, e.g. how the reorganization of grains and their interaction forces due to a given growing root can affect the mechanical signal perceived by its near neighbours; 3-investigate how the presence of initial channels within the granular medium can effect the growth trajectory and minimize the resistance to penetration. All simulations were carried out assuming that root growth direction was only driven by external forces. Simlation results allowed the extraction of general physical laws that will be used further to provide mechanoperceptive indicators and analyze experimental data provided by phenotyping platforms. The final objective will be to quantify the response of plants to mechanical stresses in terms of root elongation rate, root straightness and ramification.

JF - 2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL-STRUCTURAL PLANT GROWTH MODELING, SIMULATION, VISUALIZATION AND APPLICATIONS (FSPMA) PB - I E E E CY - NOV 07-11, 2016, Qingdao, PEOPLES R CHINA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The crucial effect of early-stage gelation on the mechanical properties of cement hydrates JF - Nature Communications Y1 - 2016 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Matej, Kanduč A1 - Li, Lunna A1 - Frenkel, Daan A1 - Dobnikar, Jure A1 - Emanuela Del Gado AB -

Gelation and densification of calcium–silicate–hydrate take place during cement hydration. Both processes are crucial for the development of cement strength, and for the long-term evolution of concrete structures. However, the physicochemical environment evolves during cement formation, making it difficult to disentangle what factors are crucial for the mechanical properties. Here we use Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations to study a coarse-grained model of cement formation, and investigate the equilibrium and arrested states. We can correlate the various structures with the time evolution of the interactions between the nano-hydrates during the preparation of cement. The novel emerging picture is that the changes of the physicochemical environment, which dictate the evolution of the effective interactions, specifically favour the early gel formation and its continuous densification. Our observations help us understand how cement attains its unique strength and may help in the rational design of the properties of cement and related materials.

VL - 7 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12106 JO - Nat Commun ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Data analytics for simplifying thermal efficiency planning in cities JF - Journal of The Royal Society Interface Y1 - 2016 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Noshadravan, Arash A1 - Sobstyl, Jake M. A1 - Toole, Jameson A1 - Ferreira, Joseph A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Gonzalez, Marta C. AB -

More than 44% of building energy consumption in the USA is used for space heating and cooling, and this accounts for 20% of national CO2emissions. This prompts the need to identify among the 130 million households in the USA those with the greatest energy-saving potential and the associated costs of the path to reach that goal. Whereas current solutions address this problem by analysing each building in detail, we herein reduce the dimensionality of the problem by simplifying the calculations of energy losses in buildings. We present a novel inference method that can be used via a ranking algorithm that allows us to estimate the potential energy saving for heating purposes. To that end, we only need consumption from records of gas bills integrated with a building's footprint. The method entails a statistical screening of the intricate interplay between weather, infrastructural and residents' choice variables to determine building gas consumption and potential savings at a city scale. We derive a general statistical pattern of consumption in an urban settlement, reducing it to a set of the most influential buildings' parameters that operate locally. By way of example, the implications are explored using records of a set of (N= 6200) buildings in Cambridge, MA, USA, which indicate that retrofitting only 16% of buildings entails a 40% reduction in gas consumption of the whole building stock. We find that the inferred heat loss rate of buildings exhibits a power-law data distribution akin to Zipf's law, which provides a means to map an optimum path for gas savings per retrofit at a city scale. These findings have implications for improving the thermal efficiency of cities' building stock, as outlined by current policy efforts seeking to reduce home heating and cooling energy consumption and lower associated greenhouse gas emissions.

VL - 13 IS - 117 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Early-Age Stress and Pressure Developments in a Wellbore Cement Liner: Application to Eccentric Geometries JF - Journal of Applied Mechanics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Thomas Alexander Petersen A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This paper introduces a predictive model for the stress and pressure evolutions in a wellbore cement liner at early ages. A pressure state equation is derived that observes the coupling of the elastic changes of the solid matrix, the eigenstress developments in the solid and porespaces, and the mass consumption of water in course of the reaction. Here, the transient constitution of the solid volume necessitates advancing the mechanical state of the poroelastic cement skeleton incrementally and at constant hydration degree. Next, analytic function theory is employed to assess the localization of stresses along the steel–cement (SC) and rock–cement (RC) interfaces by placing the casing eccentrically with respect to the wellbore hole. Though the energy release rate due to complete debonding of either interface is only marginally influenced by the eccentricity, the risk of evolving a microcrack along the thick portion of the sheath is substantially increased. Additionally, it is observed that the risk of microannulus formation is principally affected by the pressure rebound, which is engendered by the slowing reaction rate and amplified for rock boundaries with low permeability.

VL - 83 IS - 9 JO - J. Appl. Mech ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Polydispersity of Clay Platelets on the Aggregation And Mechanical Properties of Clay at the Mesoscale JF - Clays and Clay Minerals Y1 - 2016 A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Andrew J. Whittle A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

The results from mesoscale simulations of the formation and evolution of microstructure for assemblies of Na-smectite particles based on assumed size distributions of individual clay platelets are presented here. The analyses predicted particle arrangements and aggregation (i.e. platelets linked in face-face configurations) and are used to link geometric properties of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the particle assemblies. Interactions between individual ellipsoidal clay platelets are represented using the Gay-Berne potential based on atomistic simulations of the free energy between two Na-smectite clay-platelets in liquid water, following a novel coarse-graining method developed previously. The current study describes the geometric (aggregate thickness, orientation, and porosity) and elastic properties in the ‘jammed states’ from the mesoscale simulations for selected ranges of clay particle sizes and confining pressures. The thickness of clay aggregates for monodisperse assemblies increases (with average stack thickness consisting of n = 3-8 platelets) with the diameter of the individual clay platelets and with the level of confining pressure. Aggregates break down at high confining pressures (50-300 atm) due to slippage between the platelets. Polydisperse simulations generate smaller aggregates (n = 2) and show much smaller effects of confining pressure. All assemblies show increased order with confining pressure, implying more anisotropic microstructure. The mesoscale simulations are also in good agreement with macroscopic compression behavior measured in conventional 1-D laboratory compression tests. The mesoscale assemblies exhibit cubic symmetry in elastic properties. The results for larger platelets (D = 1000 Å) are in good agreement with Nano-indentation measurements on natural clays and shale samples.

VL - 64 IS - 4 Special Issue: SI JO - clays clay miner ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Water on Elastic and Creep Properties of Self-Standing Clay Films JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2016 A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Bornert, Michel A1 - Ferrage, Eric A1 - Hubert, Fabien A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -

We characterized experimentally the elastic and creep properties of thin self-standing clay films, and how their mechanical properties evolved with relative humidity and water content. The films were made of clay montmorillonite SWy-2, obtained by evaporation of a clay suspension. Three types of films were manufactured, which differed by their interlayer cation: sodium, calcium, or a mixture of sodium with calcium. The orientational order of the films was characterized by X-ray diffractometry. The films were mechanically solicited in tension, the resulting strains being measured by digital image correlation. We measured the Young's modulus and the creep over a variety of relative humidities, on a full cycle of adsorption-desorption for what concerns the Young's modulus. Increasing relative humidity made the films less stiff and made them creep more. Both the elastic and creep properties depended significantly on the interlayer cation. For the Young's modulus, this dependence must originate from a scale greater than the scale of the clay layer. Also, hysteresis disappeared when plotting the Young's modulus versus water content instead of relative humidity. Independent of interlayer cation and of relative humidity greater than 60%, after a transient period, the creep of the films was always a logarithmic function of time. The experimental data gathered on these mesoscale systems can be of value for modelers who aim at predicting the mechanical behavior of clay-based materials (e.g., shales) at the engineering macroscopic scale from the one at the atomistic scale, for them to validate the first steps of their upscaling scheme. They provide also valuable reference data for bioinspired clay-based hybrid materials.

VL - 32 IS - 5 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Electromagnetic Casimir energy of a disk opposite a plane JF - Physical Review A Y1 - 2016 A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Graham, Noah AB -

Building on work by J. Meixner [Z. Naturforschung 3a, 506 (1948)], we show how to compute the exact scattering amplitude (or T-matrix) for electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly conducting disk. This calculation is a rare example of a nondiagonal T-matrix that can nonetheless be obtained in a semianalytic form. We then use this result to compute the electromagnetic Casimir interaction energy for a disk opposite a plane, for arbitrary orientation angle of the disk, for separations greater than the disk radius. We find that the proximity force approximation (PFA) significantly overestimates the Casimir energy, in the case of both the ordinary PFA, which applies when the disk is parallel to the plane, and the “edge PFA”, which applies when the disk is perpendicular to the plane.

VL - 94 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032509 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Rev. A ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An equation of state for granular media at the limit state of isotropic compression JF - EPL (Europhysics Letters) Y1 - 2016 A1 - Oquendo, W. F. A1 - Muñoz, J. D. A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

It is well believed that the volumetric entropy of Edwards captures part of the physics of granular media, but it is still unclear whether it can be applied to granular systems under mechanical stress. By working out a recent proposal by Aste, Di Matteo et al. to measure Edwards' compactivity from the volume distribution of Voronoï or Delaunay tessellations (Phys. Rev. E, 77 (2008) 021309), and assuming that the total volume divides into elementary cells of fixed minimal volume, we derive an equation of state relating the compactivity to the packing fraction, and we show by extensive molecular-dynamics simulations that this equation and its underlying assumption describe well the volumetric aspects of both the limit state of isotropic compression and the limit state of shear (also called critical state in soil mechanics) for three-dimensional ensembles of mono-disperse spheres, for a broad range of the sliding and rolling friction coefficients. In addition, by using the limit state of isotropic compression as testing ground, we find that the compactivity, the entropy per elementary cell and the number of elementary cells per grain computed by this method are the same within statistical precision, either by using Voronoï, Delaunay, or centroidal Voronoï tessellations, allowing thus for an objective definition. This means that not only Aste's cell method is robust and suitable to measure Edwards' compactivity of granular systems under mechanical stress but also the actual nature of the elementary cells might be unimportant.

VL - 114 IS - 1 JO - EPL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Evolution of organo-clay composites with respect to thermal maturity in type II organic-rich source rocks JF - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Y1 - 2016 A1 - Berthonneau, Jeremie A1 - Grauby, Olivier A1 - Muhannad Abuhaikal A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -

Among the proposed pathways of sequestration and progressive transformation of organic matter (OM) during burial, the sorptive protection mechanism explains the strong relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral surface area (MSA) noted in numerous black shales around the globe. The complete mechanistic framework of preservation and evolution of OM in organo-mineral complexes remains, however, an enigma. On one hand, smectite layers composing the clay fraction are known to have a major influence on available surface area. OM maturation occurs, on the other hand, concurrently with the smectite illitization that provokes the closure of the interlayer spaces. The potential of smectite layers in the sequestration and preservation of organic molecules and the fate of these molecules with respect to the smectite illitization were therefore addressed. Here, the mineralogy of three organic-rich source rocks of various maturities was characterized in regards with the geochemistry of their OM. A thorough examination of the clay minerals present in the clay matrices provided evidences of mixed layer minerals containing smectite and illite layers with an increasing illite component with respect to maturity. The comprehensive interpretation of the X-ray diffractograms and analytical electron microscopy results suggested the presence of organic molecules in the inter-particulate and possibly the interlayer spaces of the smectite-rich components in immature source rocks. This eventuality was further supported by the presence of intercalated clay-organic nanocomposites observed by transmitted electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Textural observations also showed that the increased illite content found in the overmature sample led to the reorganization of the OM and the clay particles into nano-scale aggregates. These results clarify the geochemical mechanism beyond the reported relationship between TOC and MSA and allow generalizing it to various organic-rich source rocks. Eventually, the understanding of the close organo-clay association raises prospects on the prediction of the evolution of the mechanical properties of economically valuable source rocks with respect to maturity.

VL - 195 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fracture toughness anomalies: Viewpoint of topological constraint theory JF - Acta Materialia Y1 - 2016 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Wang, Bu A1 - Wang, Mengyi A1 - Yu, Yingtian A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Smedskjaer, Morten M. A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

The relationship between composition, structure, and resistance to fracture remains poorly understood. Here, based on molecular dynamics simulations, we report that sodium silicate glasses and calcium–silicate–hydrates feature an anomalous maximum in fracture toughness. In the framework of topological constraint theory, this anomaly is correlated to a flexible-to-rigid transition, driven by pressure or composition for sodium silicate and calcium–silicate–hydrates, respectively. This topological transition, observed for an isostatic network, is also shown to correspond to a ductile-to-brittle transition. At this state, the network is rigid but free of eigen-stress and features stress relaxation through crack blunting, resulting in optimal resistance to fracture. Our topological approach could therefore enable the computational design of tough inorganic solids, which has long been a “holy grail” within the non-metallic materials chemistry community.

 

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VL - 121 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Free Volume Theory of Hydrocarbon Mixture Transport in Nanoporous Materials JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Y1 - 2016 A1 - Amaël Obliger A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
Despite recent focus on shale gas, hydrocarbon recovery from the ultraconfining and disordered porosity of organic matter in shales (kerogen) remains poorly understood. Key aspects such as the breakdown of hydrodynamics at the nanoscale and strong adsorption effects lead to unexplained non-Darcy behaviors. Here, molecular dynamics and statistical mechanics are used to elucidate hydrocarbon mixture transport through a realistic molecular model of kerogen [Bousige, C.; et al. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 576]. Owing to strong adsorption effects, velocity cross-correlations between the mixture components and between molecules of the same species are shown to be negligible. This allows estimation of each component permeance from its self-diffusivity, which can be obtained from single-component data. These permeances are found to scale with the reciprocal of the alkane length and decrease with the number of adsorbed molecules following a simple free volume theory, therefore allowing mixture transport prediction as a function of the amount of trapped fluid.
 
 
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VL - 7 IS - 19 JO - J. Phys. Chem. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - How Ion Condensation Occurs at a Charged Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Stern Layer for Water–Silica Interfaces JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2016 A1 - Hocine, Sarah A1 - Hartkamp, Remco A1 - Bertrand Siboulet A1 - Duvail, Magali A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Turq, P. A1 - Jean-Francois Dufreche AB -

We investigate the Stern layer of charged silicawater interfaces by calculating the ionsurface interaction from molecular dynamics simulations. The McMillanMayer potentials of mean force between a charged oxygen site and a lithium or cesium cation have been calculated. Contact ion pairs (CIPs) are important for the adsorption and desorption of ions, especially for lithium. An activation energy appears, which can result in a large estimated relaxation time. In the case of lithium, time scales needed to bind or unbind ions to and from the surface are found to be very long (up to the order of seconds for some surfaces), which implies that molecular dynamics cannot always be fully equilibrated. This work provides a new image of the Stern layer: it is not a continuous layer but a set of Bjerrum pairs. As a matter of fact, quantitative (macroscopic) treatments of such systems with localized surface charges require a three-dimensional model, contrary to the more commonly used one- or two-dimensional theoretical treatments.

VL - 120 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08836 IS - 2 JO - J. Phys. Chem. C ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Lattice Boltzmann modelling of liquid distribution in unsaturated granular media JF - Computers and Geotechnics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We use capillary condensation simulated by a multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model as a means to generate homogeneous distributions of liquid clusters in 2D granular media. Liquid droplets condense from the vapour phase between and on the grains, and they transform into capillary bonds and liquid clusters as thermodynamic equilibrium is approached. As the amount of condensed liquid is increased, liquid clusters of increasing connectivity are formed and the distribution of liquid undergoes topological transitions until the whole pore space is filled by the liquid. We investigate the cluster statistics and local grain environments. From extensive simulations, we also obtain the mean Laplace pressure as a function of the amount of liquid, which is found to be quite similar to the well-known experimental retention curve in soil mechanics. The tensile stress carried by the grains increases as a function of the amount of condensed liquid up to a peak in the funicular state beyond which the stress falls off as a result of pressure drop inside the merging clusters.

VL - 80 IS - SI JO - Computers and Geotechnics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mesoscale texture of cement hydrates JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2016 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Christian G. Hoover A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Sidney Yip A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Pierre E. Levitz A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Emanuela Del Gado AB -

Strength and other mechanical properties of cement and concrete rely upon the formation of calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H) during cement hydration. Controlling structure and properties of the C–S–H phase is a challenge, due to the complexity of this hydration product and of the mechanisms that drive its precipitation from the ionic solution upon dissolution of cement grains in water. Departing from traditional models mostly focused on length scales above the micrometer, recent research addressed the molecular structure of C–S–H. However, small-angle neutron scattering, electron-microscopy imaging, and nanoindentation experiments suggest that its mesoscale organization, extending over hundreds of nanometers, may be more important. Here we unveil the C–S–H mesoscale texture, a crucial step to connect the fundamental scales to the macroscale of engineering properties. We use simulations that combine information of the nanoscale building units of C–S–H and their effective interactions, obtained from atomistic simulations and experiments, into a statistical physics framework for aggregating nanoparticles. We compute small-angle scattering intensities, pore size distributions, specific surface area, local densities, indentation modulus, and hardness of the material, providing quantitative understanding of different experimental investigations. Our results provide insight into how the heterogeneities developed during the early stages of hydration persist in the structure of C–S–H and impact the mechanical performance of the hardened cement paste. Unraveling such links in cement hydrates can be groundbreaking and controlling them can be the key to smarter mix designs of cementitious materials.

 

Fig. 1.

VL - 113 IS - 8 JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A molecular informed poroelastic model for organic-rich, naturally occurring porous geocomposites JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2016 A1 - Monfared, Siavash A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Molecular simulation results on organic maturity (mature and immature kerogen as the two asymptotic cases) are introduced into a continuum micromechanics based model for organic-rich shales. Through a fundamental functional relationship that constrains microporous kerogen density and elasticity variable spaces and within the framework of effective media theory; the model bridges the gap between asymptotic cases of organic maturity with texture as the overriding theme, specifically a matrix/inclusion (Mori–Tanaka) texture for immature systems and a granular (self-consistent) texture for mature ones. The utility of the molecular results merged into a continuum framework is demonstrated by estimating kerogen's microporosity () from nanoindentation measurements. The effect of burial and diagenetic processes on the effective poroelasticity of these porous, naturally occurring geocomposites are captured by introduction of imperfect interfaces. Finally, the performance of the model is fully characterized by ranking the normalized contribution of uncertainty of input to the overall behavior and parameters of interest to geophysicists and geomechanicians such as degree of anisotropy and in situ stresses.

Fig.1. Clay type distribution in the studied samples

Fig.2. Schematics for the multi-scale maturity dependent model for organic-rich shales

Fig.3. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image on Haynesville sample

Fig.4. Calibration quality check by comparing predicted macroscopic values (drained…

Fig.5. Validation by means of nanoindentation for Woodford on the left and Haynesville…

Fig.6. Bulk modulus of kerogen against density for two of the samples studied by…

VL - 88 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanochemo-mechanical signature of organic-rich shales: a coupled indentation–EDX analysis JF - Acta Geotechnica Y1 - 2016 A1 - Abedi, Sara A1 - Slim, Mirna A1 - Hofmann, Ronny A1 - Bryndzia, Taras A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The organic–inorganic nature of organic-rich source rocks poses several challenges for the development of functional relations that link mechanical properties with geochemical composition. With this focus in mind, we herein propose a method that enables chemo-mechanical characterization of this highly heterogeneous source rock at the micron and submicron length scale through a statistical analysis of a large array of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data coupled with nanoindentation data. The ability to include elemental composition to the indentation probe via EDX is shown to provide a means to identify pure material phases, mixture phases, and interfaces between different phases. Employed over a large array, the statistical clustering of this set of chemo-mechanical data provides access to the properties of the fundamental building blocks of clay-dominated organic-rich source rocks. The versatility of the approach is illustrated through the application to a large number of source rocks of different origin, chemical composition, and organic content. We find that the identified properties exhibit a unique scaling relation between stiffness and hardness. This suggests that organic-rich shale properties can be reduced to their elementary constituents, with several implications for the development of predictive functional relations between chemical composition and mechanical properties of organic-rich source rocks such as the intimate interplay between clay-packing, organic maturity, and mechanical properties of porous clay/organic phase.

VL - 11 IS - 3 JO - Acta Geotech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanomechanics of organic-rich shales: the role of thermal maturity and organic matter content on texture JF - Acta Geotechnica Y1 - 2016 A1 - Abedi, Sara A1 - Slim, Mirna A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Despite the importance of organic-rich shales, microstructural characterization and theoretical modeling of these rocks are limited due to their highly heterogeneous microstructure, complex chemistry, and multiscale mechanical properties. One of the sources of complexity in organic-rich shales is the intricate interplay between microtextural evolution and kerogen maturity. In this study, a suite of experimental and theoretical microporomechanics methods are developed to associate the mechanical properties of organic-rich shales both to their maturity level and to the organic content at micrometer and sub-micrometer length scales. Recent results from chemomechanical characterization experiments involving grid nanoindentation and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used in new micromechanical models to isolate the effects of maturity levels and organic content from the inorganic solids. These models enable attribution of the role of organic maturity to the texture of the indented material, with immature systems exhibiting a matrix-inclusion morphology, while mature systems exhibit a polycrystal morphology. Application of these models to the interpretation of nanoindentation results on organic-rich shales allows us to identify unique clay mechanical properties that are consistent with molecular simulation results for illite and independent of the maturity of shale formation and total organic content. The results of this investigation contribute to the design of a multiscale model of the fundamental building blocks of organic-rich shales, which can be used for the design and validation of multiscale predictive poromechanics models.

VL - 11 IS - 4 JO - Acta Geotech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanoporous chalcogenides for adsorption and gas separation JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Carlo Massobrio A1 - Pradel, Annie A1 - Ribes, Miche A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

The adsorption and gas separation properties of amorphous porous chalcogenides such as GeS2 are investigated using statistical mechanics molecular simulation. Using a realistic molecular model of such amorphous adsorbents, we show that they can be used efficiently to separate different gases relevant to environmental and energy applications (H-2, CO2, CH4, N-2). In addition to shedding light on the microscopic adsorption mechanisms, we show that coadsorption in this novel class of porous materials can be described using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). Such a simple thermodynamic model, which allows avoiding complex coadsorption measurements, describes the adsorption of mixture from pure component adsorption isotherms. Our results, which are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data, paves the way for the design of gas separation membranes using the large family of porous chalcogenides.

VL - 18 UR - http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6CP00467A IS - 19 JO - Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Probing Interconnectivity in Hierarchical Microporous/Mesoporous Materials Using Adsorption and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diffusion JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2016 A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Guenneau, Flavien A1 - Gedeon, Antoine A1 - Mereib, Diaa A1 - Rodriguez, Jeremy A1 - Fajula, François A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Adsorption and transport in hierarchical materials are investigated by means of adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Using micro/mesoporous zeolites with well-defined mesoporosity, we show that adsorption at a given pressure can be described as a simple linear combination of the adsorbed amounts taken at the same pressure for the pure microporous (zeolite FAU-Y) and mesoporous (Al-MCM-41) solids. Such a quantitative decomposition allows us to demonstrate the ability of diffusion measurements by Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR) to probe interconnectivity in hierarchical solids. On the one hand, transport in the mechanical mixtures can be described as the superimposition of diffusion in pure microporous and mesoporous solids. On the other hand, PFG NMR for the hierarchical sample provides an effective diffusivity that is intermediate between those for the pure zeolite and mesoporous silica. Furthermore, this effective diffusivity is slower than the linear combination of the two diffusivities weighted by the number of molecules present in each phase (used in the independent domain and fast-exchange theories) clearly showing interconnectivities and transfer limitations between the microporous and mesoporous domains. We also discuss the ability of combining theories such as the fast exchange model and the effective medium theory to quantitatively predict diffusion in such microporous/mesoporous materials.

VL - 120 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10129 IS - 3 JO - J. Phys. Chem. C ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Radial fracture in a three-phase composite: Application to wellbore cement liners at early ages JF - Engineering Fracture Mechanics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Thomas Alexander Petersen A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Little understanding exists between the early-age stress developments in a wellbore cement sheath and its risk of impairment. During hydration, the cement morphology and pore-pressure changes induce eigenstresses in the solid and pore volumes. Utilizing these stresses as the driving mechanism of fracture, this paper formalizes the inspection of a radial crack in an elastic cement sheath constrained by an inner steel casing and an outer rock formation. The solution is constructed in the framework of analytic function theory and seeks the Green’s function for an edge dislocation in the intermediate cement phase. A dislocation pile-up along the line of fracture constructs a singular integral equation for the crack opening displacement derivative, from which the energy release rate is readily deduced.

Under the uniform development of eigenstresses, the stiffness ratios of steel-to-cement and rock-to-cement generally predict the crack to initiate along the steel-cement interface. Here, the impacts of (i) a rigid bond and (ii) a sliding interface with no shear are assessed. This leads to the primary result of the paper: the potential for radial fracture is substantially mitigated by ensuring the shear connection between the steel casing and the cement sheath.

Diagram of a wellbore cement system with a radial crack emanating from SC.

Simulated evolution of the shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, and Poisson’s ratio ...

Simulated evolution of the effective hoop stress Σθθ=σθθ+p along SC (blue) and ...

Continuation of the annular region of the cement domain across SC and RC.

VL - 154 JO - Engineering Fracture Mechanics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Realistic molecular model of kerogen’s nanostructure JF - Nature Materials Y1 - 2016 A1 - Bousige, Colin A1 - Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei A1 - Vix-Guterl, Cathie A1 - Pomerantz, Andrew E. A1 - Suleimenova, Assiya A1 - Vaughan, Gavin A1 - Garbarino, Gaston A1 - Feygenson, Mikhail A1 - Wildgruber, Christoph A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Despite kerogen’s importance as the organic backbone for hydrocarbon production from source rocks such as gas shale, the interplay between kerogen’s chemistry, morphology and mechanics remains unexplored. As the environmental impact of shale gas rises, identifying functional relations between its geochemical, transport, elastic and fracture properties from realistic molecular models of kerogens becomes all the more important. Here, by using a hybrid experimental–simulation method, we propose a panel of realistic molecular models of mature and immature kerogens that provide a detailed picture of kerogen’s nanostructure without considering the presence of clays and other minerals in shales. We probe the models’ strengths and limitations, and show that they predict essential features amenable to experimental validation, including pore distribution, vibrational density of states and stiffness. We also show that kerogen’s maturation, which manifests itself as an increase in the sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio, entails a crossover from plastic-to-brittle rupture mechanisms.

Kerogen in organic-rich shale formations.

Reconstruction of molecular models of kerogens.

Experimental validation of the molecular models.

Elastic properties of molecular models of kerogen.

JO - Nat Mater ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Risk of Pavement Fracture due to Eigenstresses at Early Ages and Beyond JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Tensile cracks significantly affect the durability of concrete pavements, leading to an increase in the costs of maintenance and rehabilitation. A model is developed that relates thermal, chemical, and hygral evolutions at small scales due to different distress mechanisms to the risk of fracture at the structural scale. The method is based on application of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) to eigenstresses that develop in infinite- and finite-length beams on an elastic foundation that represents the subgrade. Axial and bending contributions to the energy release rate are determined for a worst-case scenario of an entirely cracked pavement section in functions of material properties, structural dimensions, and eigenstress forces and moments. By way of example, the model is used to study the risk of fracture of concrete pavements due to two different mechanisms: (1) autogeneous shrinkage at early ages of placing the concrete and (2) thermal cycles at the short term and long term after a temperature change. In addition, scaling relationships are developed that provide insight into the improvement of different structural and material properties for minimizing the risk of fracture.

VL - 142 IS - 12 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scaling behaviour of cohesive granular flows JF - EPL (Europhysics Letters) Y1 - 2016 A1 - Berger, Nicolas A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Douce, Jean-François A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

The shear strength of dense granular flows is generally described by an effective friction coefficient, ratio of shear to normal stress, as a function of the inertial number I. However, this ratio depends on the normal stress when the particles interact via both friction and adhesion forces, and in this sense it does not properly represent a Coulomb-like friction. For the same reason, it is not a unique function of I. We used extensive contact dynamics simulations to isolate the cohesive strength from the purely frictional strength in dense inertial flows for a broad range of shear rates and adhesion forces between particles. Remarkably, while the frictional part of the strength increases with I, the cohesive strength is found to be a decreasing function of I. We show that a single dimensionless parameter, combining interparticle adhesion with I, controls not only the cohesive strength but also the packing fraction and granular texture in inertial flows.

VL - 112 IS - 6 JO - EPL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Simultaneous Rheoelectric Measurements of Strongly Conductive Complex Fluids JF - Physical Review Applied Y1 - 2016 A1 - Helal, Ahmed A1 - Divoux, Thibaut A1 - McKinley, Gareth H. AB -

We introduce an modular fixture designed for stress-controlled rheometers to perform simultaneous rheological and electrical measurements on strongly conductive complex fluids under shear. By means of a nontoxic liquid metal at room temperature, the electrical connection to the rotating shaft is completed with minimal additional mechanical friction, allowing for simultaneous stress measurements at values as low as 1 Pa. Motivated by applications such as flow batteries, we use the capabilities of this design to perform an extensive set of rheoelectric experiments on gels formulated from attractive carbon-black particles, at concentrations ranging from 4 to 15 wt %. First, experiments on gels at rest prepared with different shear histories show a robust power-law scaling between the elastic modulus G(0)' and the conductivity sigma(0) of the gels-i.e., G(0)' similar to sigma(alpha)(0), with alpha = 1.65 +/- 0.04, regardless of the gel concentration. Second, we report conductivity measurements performed simultaneously with creep experiments. Changes in conductivity in the early stage of the experiments, also known as the Andrade-creep regime, reveal for the first time that plastic events take place in the bulk, while the shear rate gamma decreases as a weak power law of time. The subsequent evolution of the conductivity and the shear rate allows us to propose a local yielding scenario that is in agreement with previous velocimetry measurements. Finally, to establish a set of benchmark data, we determine the constitutive rheological and electrical behavior of carbon-black gels. Corrections first introduced for mechanical measurements regarding shear inhomogeneity and wall slip are carefully extended to electrical measurements to accurately distinguish between bulk and surface contributions to the conductivity. As an illustrative example, we examine the constitutive rheoelectric properties of five different grades of carbon-black gels and we demonstrate the relevance of this rheoelectric apparatus as a versatile characterization tool for strongly conductive complex fluids and their applications.

VL - 6 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.064004 IS - 6 JO - Phys. Rev. Applied ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Size-Effect Law for Scratch Tests of Axisymmetric Shape JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Hubler, Mija H. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental framework for the application of size-effect analysis to microscratch testing as a means to quantify the fracture properties and internal friction of materials at the microscale. The energetic size-effect law (SEL) for microscratch tests is developed for a general monomeric probe shape in terms of an intrinsic size function. The fundamental idea of the proposed approach is to rescale the scratch response to that of the flat punch, a conjecture that allows one to compare the SEL for different probe geometries, and thus solve for the asymptotic fracture toughness and effective process zone length from scratch tests done on homogenous (acetal homopolymer resin and polycarbonate resin) and inhomogeneous materials (mica ceramic and gas shale). As a material of current interest for controlled fracture studies, two samples of gas shale cored from the Marcellus and Eagle Ford formations are tested and analyzed to quantify all material properties that may be derived from the scratch resistance; namely fracture parameters, asymptotic hardness, strength, cohesion, and internal friction.

VL - 142 IS - 12 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Spectroscopic probe of the van der Waals interaction between polar molecules and a curved surface JF - Physical Review A Y1 - 2016 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Jaffe, R. L. A1 - Kardar, Mehran AB -

We study the shift of rotational levels of a diatomic polar molecule due to its van der Waals interaction with a gently curved dielectric surface at temperature T, and submicron separations. The molecule is assumed to be in its electronic and vibrational ground state, and the rotational degrees are described by a rigid rotor model. We show that under these conditions retardation effects and surface dispersion can be neglected. The level shifts are found to be independent of T, and given by the quantum state averaged classical electrostatic interaction of the dipole with its image on the surface. We use a derivative expansion for the static Green's function to express the shifts in terms of surface curvature. We argue that the curvature induced line splitting is experimentally observable, and not obscured by natural linewidths and thermal broadening.

VL - 94 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.022509 IS - 2 JO - Phys. Rev. A ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Velocity statistics of the Nagel-Schreckenberg model JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2016 A1 - Bain, Nicolas A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Schreckenberg, Michael AB -

The statistics of velocities in the cellular automaton model of Nagel and Schreckenberg for traffic are studied. From numerical simulations, we obtain the probability distribution function (PDF) for vehicle velocities and the velocity-velocity (vv) correlation function. We identify the probability to find a standing vehicle as a potential order parameter that signals nicely the transition between free congested flow for sufficiently large number of velocity states. Our results for the vv correlation function resemble features of a second order phase transition. We develop a 3-body approximation that allows us to relate the PDFs for velocities and headways. Using this relation, an approximation to the velocity PDF is obtained from the headway PDF observed in simulations. We find a remarkable agreement between this approximation and the velocity PDF obtained from simulations.

VL - 93 IS - 2 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Advances in design and modeling of porous materials JF - The European Physical Journal Special Topics Y1 - 2015 A1 - Ayral, Andre A1 - Calas-Etienne, Sylvie A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Deratani, André A1 - Evstratov, Alexis A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Grande, Daniel A1 - Hureau, Matthieu A1 - Jobic, Hervé A1 - Morlay, Catherine A1 - Parmentier, Julien A1 - Prelot, Bénédicte A1 - Rossignol, Sylvie A1 - Simon-Masseron, Angélique A1 - Thibault-Starzyk, Frédéric AB -

This special issue of the European Physical Journal Special Topics is dedicated to selected papers from the symposium “High surface area porous and granular materials” organized in the frame of the conference “Matériaux 2014”, held on November 24–28, 2014 in Montpellier, France.

Porous materials and granular materials gather a wide variety of heterogeneous, isotropic or anisotropic media made of inorganic, organic or hybrid solid skeletons, with open or closed porosity, and pore sizes ranging from the centimeter scale to the sub-nanometer scale. Their technological and industrial applications cover numerous areas from building and civil engineering to microelectronics, including also metallurgy, chemistry, health, waste water and gas effluent treatment. Many emerging processes related to environmental protection and sustainable development also rely on this class of materials. Their functional properties are related to specific transfer mechanisms (matter, heat, radiation, electrical charge), to pore surface chemistry (exchange, adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis) and to retention inside confined volumes (storage, separation, exchange, controlled release). The development of innovative synthesis, shaping, characterization and modeling approaches enables the design of advanced materials with enhanced functional performance. The papers collected in this special issue offer a good overview of the state-of-the-art and science of these complex media.

We would like to thank all the speakers and participants for their contribution to the success of the symposium. We also express our gratitude to the organization committee of “Mat´eriaux 2014”. We finally thank the reviewers and the staff of the European Physical Journal Special Topics who made the publication of this special issue possible.

VL - 224 IS - 9 JO - Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Assessing Polarizability Models for the Simulation of Low-Frequency Raman Spectra of Benzene JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry B Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bender, John S. A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Fourkas, John T. AB -
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Optical Kerr effect (OKE) spectroscopy is a widely used technique for probing the low-frequency, Raman-active dynamics of liquids. Although molecular simulations are an attractive tool for assigning liquid degrees of freedom to OKE spectra, the accurate modeling of the OKE and the motions that contribute to it relies on the use of a realistic and computationally tractable molecular polarizability model. Here we explore how the OKE spectrum of liquid benzene, and the underlying dynamics that determines its shape, are affected by the polarizability model employed. We test a molecular polarizability model that uses a point anisotropic molecular polarizability and three other models that distribute the polarizability over the molecule. The simplest and most computationally efficient distributed polarizability model tested is found to be sufficient for the accurate simulation of the many-body polarizability dynamics of this liquid. We further find that the atomic-to-molecular polarizability transformation approximation [Hu et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 7837–7849], used in conjunction with this distributed polarizability model, yields OKE spectra whose shapes differ negligibly from those calculated without this approximation, providing a substantial increase in computational efficiency.

VL - 119 IS - 29 JO - J. Phys. Chem. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bonded-cell model for particle fracture JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2015 A1 - Duc-Hanh Nguyen A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Particle degradation and fracture play an important role in natural granular flows and in many applications of granular materials. We analyze the fracture properties of two-dimensional disklike particles modeled as aggregates of rigid cells bonded along their sides by a cohesive Mohr-Coulomb law and simulated by the contact dynamics method. We show that the compressive strength scales with tensile strength between cells but depends also on the friction coefficient and a parameter describing cell shape distribution. The statistical scatter of compressive strength is well described by the Weibull distribution function with a shape parameter varying from 6 to 10 depending on cell shape distribution. We show that this distribution may be understood in terms of percolating critical intercellular contacts. We propose a random-walk model of critical contacts that leads to particle size dependence of the compressive strength in good agreement with our simulation data.

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VL - 91 IS - 2 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bottom-up model of adsorption and transport in multiscale porous media. JF - Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys Y1 - 2015 A1 - Botan, Alexandru A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

We develop a model of transport in multiscale porous media which accounts for adsorption in the different porosity scales. This model employs statistical mechanics to upscale molecular simulation and describe adsorption and transport at larger time and length scales. Using atom-scale simulations, which capture the changes in adsorption and transport with temperature, pressure, pore size, etc., this approach does not assume any adsorption or flow type. Moreover, by relating the local chemical potential μ(r) and density ρ(r), the present model accounts for adsorption effects and possible changes in the confined fluid state upon transport. This model constitutes a bottom-up framework of adsorption and transport in multiscale materials as it (1) describes the adsorption-transport interplay, (2) accounts for the hydrodynamics breakdown at the nm scale, and (3) is multiscale.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VL - 91 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Capturing material toughness by molecular simulation: accounting for large yielding effects and limits JF - International Journal of Fracture Y1 - 2015 A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - György Hantal A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

The inherent computational cost of molecular simulations limits their use to the study of nanometric systems with potentially strong size effects. In the case of fracture mechanics, size effects due to yielding at the crack tip can affect strongly the mechanical response of small systems. In this paper we consider two examples: a silica crystal for which yielding is limited to a few atoms at the crack tip, and a nanoporous polymer for which the process zone is about one order of magnitude larger. We perform molecular simulations of fracture of those materials and investigate in particular the system and crack size effects. The simulated systems are periodic with an initial crack. Quasi-static loading is achieved by increasing the system size in the direction orthogonal to the crack while maintaining a constant temperature. As expected, the behaviors of the two materials are significantly different. We show that the behavior of the silica crystal is reasonably well described by the classical framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). Therefore, one can easily upscale engineering fracture properties from molecular simulation results. In contrast, LEFM fails capturing the behavior of the polymer and we propose an alternative analysis based on cohesive crack zone models. We show that with a linear decreasing cohesive law, this alternative approach captures well the behavior of the polymer. Using this cohesive law, one can anticipate the mechanical behavior at larger scale and assess engineering fracture properties. Thus, despite the large yielding of the polymer at the scale of the molecular simulation, the cohesive zone analysis offers a proper upscaling methodology.

VL - 194 IS - 2 JO - Int J Fract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Casimir-Polder force between anisotropic nanoparticles and gently curved surfaces JF - Physical Review D Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Kardar, Mehran AB -

The Casimir--Polder interaction between an anisotropic particle and a surface is orientation dependent. We study novel orientational effects that arise due to curvature of the surface for distances much smaller than the radii of curvature by employing a derivative expansion. For nanoparticles we derive a general short distance expansion of the interaction potential in terms of their dipolar polarizabilities. Explicit results are presented for nano-spheroids made of SiO2 and gold, both at zero and at finite temperatures. The preferred orientation of the particle is strongly dependent on curvature, temperature, as well as material properties.

VL - 92 IS - 2 JO - Phys. Rev. D ER - TY - Generic T1 - Is cement a glassy material? T2 - Euro-C Conference Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm ED - Bicanic, N ED - Mang, H ED - Meschke, G ED - DeBorst, R AB -

The nature of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H), the binding phase of cement, remains a controversial question. In particular, contrary to the former crystalline model, it was recently proposed that its nanoscale structure was actually amorphous. To elucidate this issue, we analyzed the structure of a realistic simulation of C-S-H, and compared the latter to crystalline tobermorite, a natural analogue to cement, and to an artificial ideal glass. Results clearly support that C-S-H is amorphous. However, its structure shows an intermediate degree of order, retaining some characteristics of the crystal while acquiring an overall glass-like disorder. Thanks to a detailed quantification of order and disorder, we show that its amorphous state mainly arises from its hydration.

JF - Euro-C Conference PB - CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP CY - MAR 24-27, 2014, St Anton am Alberg, AUSTRIA VL - COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES, VOL 1 SN - 978-1-138-02641-4; 978-1-315-76203-6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cement As a Waste Form for Nuclear Fission Products: The Case of 90 Sr and Its Daughters JF - Environ Sci Technol Y1 - 2015 A1 - Dezerald, Lucile A1 - Kohanoff, Jorge J A1 - Alfredo A. Correa A1 - Caro, Alfredo A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

One of the main challenges faced by the nuclear industry is the long-term confinement of nuclear waste. Because it is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, cement is the material of choice to store large volumes of radioactive materials, in particular the low-level medium-lived fission products. It is therefore of utmost importance to assess the chemical and structural stability of cement containing radioactive species. Here, we use ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to study the effects of (90)Sr insertion and decay in C-S-H (calcium-silicate-hydrate) in order to test the ability of cement to trap and hold this radioactive fission product and to investigate the consequences of its β-decay on the cement paste structure. We show that (90)Sr is stable when it substitutes the Ca(2+) ions in C-S-H, and so is its daughter nucleus (90)Y after β-decay. Interestingly, (90)Zr, daughter of (90)Y and final product in the decay sequence, is found to be unstable compared to the bulk phase of the element at zero K but stable when compared to the solvated ion in water. Therefore, cement appears as a suitable waste form for (90)Sr storage.

 

VL - 49 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Control of the Pore Texture in Nanoporous Silicon via Chemical Dissolution JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2015 A1 - Secret, Emilie A1 - Wu, Chia-Chen A1 - Chaix, Arnaud A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Gonzalez, Philippe A1 - Cot, Didier A1 - Sailor, Michael J. A1 - Jestin, Jacques A1 - Zanotti, Jean-Marc A1 - Cunin, Frédérique A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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The surface and textural properties of porous silicon (pSi) control many of its physical properties essential to its performance in key applications such as optoelectronics, energy storage, luminescence, sensing, and drug delivery. Here, we combine experimental and theoretical tools to demonstrate that the surface roughness at the nanometer scale of pSi can be tuned in a controlled fashion using partial thermal oxidation followed by removal of the resulting silicon oxide layer with hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. Such a process is shown to smooth the pSi surface by means of nitrogen adsorption, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. Statistical mechanics Monte Carlo simulations, which are consistent with the experimental data, support the interpretation that the pore surface is initially rough and that the oxidation/oxide removal procedure diminishes the surface roughness while increasing the pore diameter. As a specific example considered in this work, the initial roughness ξ ∼ 3.2 nm of pSi pores having a diameter of 7.6 nm can be decreased to 1.0 nm following the simple procedure above. This study allows envisioning the design of pSi samples with optimal surface properties toward a specific process.

VL - 31 IS - 29 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - Generic T1 - Creep of Bulk C-S-H: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

Understanding the physical origin of creep in calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) is of primary importance, both for fundamental and practical interest. Here, we present a new method, based on molecular dynamics simulation, allowing us to simulate the long-term visco-elastic deformations of C–S–H. Under a given shear stress, C–S–H features a gradually increasing shear strain, which follows a logarithmic law. The computed creep modulus is found to be independent of the shear stress applied and is in excellent agreement with nanoindentation measurements, as extrapolated to zero porosity.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - Generic T1 - Creep of Clay: Numerical Results at the Scale of a Layer and Experimental Results at the Scale of Thin Self-Standing Films T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Henri Van Damme ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

This work focuses on the creep of clay-based materials, which exhibit significant analogies with cement-based materials. Here, we studied the creep of clay at two scales and with two techniques: numerically (with molecular simulations) at the scale of a clay layer (nm), and experimentally at the scale of thin self-standing clay films (few dozen μm). At the scale of the clay layer, numerical simulations showed that the shear rate was constant over time and an affine function of the shear stress. Creep experiments showed that, after a transient period, the creep function of our thin self-standing clay films was a logarithmic function of time. A comparison of the results obtained at the two scales shows that the origin of the logarithmic feature of clay creep must at least partly originate from a scale greater than that of an individual clay layer. By analogy, such result is likely to hold for cementitious materials, which are also known to creep logarithmically with respect to time in the long term: the origin of this logarithmic feature is likely to stem at least partly from a scale greater than the scale of an individual C-S-H layer.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Critical Casimir force between inhomogeneous boundaries JF - EPL (Europhysics Letters) Y1 - 2015 A1 - Dubail, Jerome A1 - Santachiara, Raoul A1 - Emig, Thorsten AB -

To study the critical Casimir force between chemically structured boundaries immersed in a binary mixture at its demixing transition, we consider a strip of Ising spins subject to alternating fixed spin boundary conditions. The system exhibits a boundary induced phase transition as function of the relative amount of up and down boundary spins. This transition is associated with a sign change of the asymptotic force and a diverging correlation length that sets the scale for the crossover between different universal force amplitudes. Using conformal field theory and a mapping to Majorana fermions, we obtain the universal scaling function of this crossover, and the force at short distances.

VL - 112 IS - 6 JO - EPL ER - TY - Generic T1 - C-S-H across Length Scales: From Nano to Micron T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

Despite their impact on longevity, serviceability, and environmental footprint of our built infrastructure, the chemo-physical origins of nanoscale properties of cementitious materials, and their link to macroscale properties still remain rather obscure. Here, we discuss a multi-scale approach that describes different aspects of physical properties of C-S-H at the nano- and meso-scales. These include dynamics of water, thermal properties and mechanical behavior of C-S-H and its effect on properties of cement paste at different scales.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES UR - http://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784479346http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/9780784479346http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784479346.006http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/9780784479346.006 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Diffusion of Interlayer Cations in Swelling Clays as a Function of Water Content: Case of Montmorillonites Saturated with Alkali Cations JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2015 A1 - Salles, Fabrice A1 - Douillard, Jean-Marc A1 - Bildstein, Olivier A1 - El Ghazi, Samira A1 - Prelot, Bénédicte A1 - Zajac, Jerzy A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -
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Swelling clays act as ion-exchange membranes owing to the presence of extra-framework ions surrounded by water molecules. A better understanding of the motion of the ions present in the pore space is required to predict the diffusion properties in these solids. Since water molecules tend to adsorb both on ions and clay surfaces, they moderate the interactions between the ions and the framework. The hydration of ions therefore has an impact on their diffusion properties. In this paper, the MX-80 montmorillonite considered for nuclear waste disposal applications has been selected and studied using an approach combining measurements of complex impedance spectroscopy and water adsorption isotherms. The number of charge carriers has been estimated, and the diffusion coefficient for interlayer cations at various hydration states was determined. The evolution of the diffusion coefficient is subsequently correlated with the effect of the opening of the interlayer space and its hydration state. The resulting picture sheds light on the reversible or irreversible character of ion exchange. Finally, our results obtained from the difference between the interlayer diffusion coefficients extracted from conductivity measurements and those obtained at the macroscopic scale is discussed in terms of the textural parameters.

VL - 119 IS - 19 JO - J. Phys. Chem. C ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Chain Length and Pore Accessibility on Alkane Adsorption in Kerogen JF - Energy & Fuels Y1 - 2015 A1 - Kerstyn I. Falk A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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Configurational-biased Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations were used to investigate the adsorption and structure of n-alkanes in realistic models of kerogen (the organic phase in gas shales). Both the effects of the n-alkane length (from methane to dodecane) and of the adsorbent porosity/density and connectivity were considered. For all n-alkanes, due to the subnano pore size of kerogen, adsorption follows a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm as the adsorbed amount increases continuously with pressure until maximum loading is reached. While all n-alkanes get adsorbed very efficiently in low density kerogen, size exclusion in high density kerogen lead to low adsorbed amounts for molecules larger than hexane. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations reflecting the setup of actual adsorption experiments, we also probed the effect of pore accessibility on n-alkane adsorption in kerogen. All pores are connected to the surface and, hence, accessible for the low density kerogen. In contrast, most pores are isolated and inaccessible in the kerogen with the high density. We also address the effect of mesoporosity and its connection to nanoporosity on alkane adsorption in kerogen.

VL - 29 IS - 12 JO - Energy Fuels ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of curvature and confinement on the Casimir-Polder interaction JF - Physical Review A Y1 - 2015 A1 - Rodriguez-Lopez, Pablo A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Noruzifar, Ehsan A1 - Zandi, Roya AB -

Modifications of Casimir-Polder interactions due to confinement inside a cylindrical cavity and due to curvature in- and outside the cavity are studied. We consider a perfectly conducting cylindrical shell with a single particle (atom or macroscopic sphere) located next to its interior or exterior surface, or two atoms placed inside the shell. By employing the scattering approach, we obtain the particle-cavity interaction and the modification of the two-particle interaction due to the cavity. We consider both retardation and thermal effects. While for the atoms a dipole description is sufficient, for the macroscopic sphere we sum (numerically) over many multipole fluctuations to compute the interaction at short separations. In the latter limit we compare to the proximity approximation and a gradient expansion and find agreement. Our results indicate an confinement induced suppression of the force between atoms. General criteria for suppression and enhancement of Casimir interactions due to confinement are discussed.

VL - 91 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. A ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Surface Texture on Freezing in Nanopores: Surface-Induced versus Homogeneous Crystallization JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2015 A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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Freezing of argon in ordered and disordered carbon pores of a similar diameter D ∼ 2.4 nm is investigated using extensive molecular simulations with large system sizes up to 104 atoms. While crystallization in the atomistically smooth pore consists in a surface-induced phase transition occurring at a temperature larger than the bulk, crystallization in the disordered pores, which is only partial as it is spatially restricted to the pore center, occurs through homogeneous crystallization. These results shed light on solidification in pores by showing that there is a crossover between surface-induced and homogeneous crystallization upon increasing the surface disorder of the host material. In the latter case, the Gibbs–Thomson equation, in which crystallization is assumed to occur when the crystal size equals the pore size corrected for the thickness of the unfreezable layer at the pore surface, is in reasonable agreement with the observed freezing temperature.

VL - 31 IS - 9 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of shape and size polydispersity on strength properties of granular materials. JF - Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys Y1 - 2015 A1 - Duc-Hanh Nguyen A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of extensive contact dynamics simulations, we analyze the combined effects of polydispersity both in particle size and in particle shape, defined as the degree of shape irregularity, on the shear strength and microstructure of sheared granular materials composed of pentagonal particles. We find that the shear strength is independent of the size span, but unexpectedly, it declines with increasing shape polydispersity. At the same time, the solid fraction is an increasing function of both the size span and the shape polydispersity. Hence, the densest and loosest packings have the same shear strength. At the scale of the particles and their contacts, we analyze the connectivity of particles, force transmission, and friction mobilization as well as their anisotropies. We show that stronger forces are carried by larger particles and propped by an increasing number of small particles. The independence of shear strength with regard to size span is shown to be a consequence of contact network self-organization, with the falloff of contact anisotropy compensated by increasing force anisotropy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VL - 91 IS - 3 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Evolution of particle size distributions in crushable granular materials T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2015 A1 - Duc-Hanh Nguyen A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Philippe Sornay ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin ED - Kuo, Matthew AB -

By means of the contact dynamics method together with a particle fracture model, in which the particles are cohesive aggregates of irreducible polygonal fragments, we investigate the evolution of particle size distribution in the process of uniaxial compaction of granular materials. The case of single particle breakup under compressive stress is used to test the method and the influence of discretization (number of irreducible fragments). We show that the breaking threshold of the granular assembly scales with the internal cohesion of the particles but it depends also on the initial size distribution and irregularity of polygonal particle shapes. The evolution of size distribution proceeds by consecutive periods of intense particle crushing, characterized by local shattering instability, and periods of little breaking activity. Starting with either monodisperse or power-law distribution of particle sizes, the latter evolves towards a broad distribution of the fragmented particles with a nearly power-law distribution in the range of intermediate particle sizes. Interestingly, a finite number of large particles survive despite ongoing crushing process due to the more homogeneous distribution of forces in the presence of small fragmented particles filling the pores between larger particles.

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro SN - 978-1-138-02707-7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Experimental chemo-mechanics of early-age fracture properties of cement paste JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2015 A1 - Christian G. Hoover A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The risk of early-age fracture of cementitious materials in ever more challenging environments provides a unique opportunity to employ an experimental chemo-mechanical platform to develop functional relations between hydration degree, fracture and strength properties, assessed by isothermal calorimetry, micro-scratching, splitting and microindentation on white cement paste at various curing ages from 7 h to 28 days. We show that the modulus, tensile strength, fracture toughness and energy all evolve with a natural logarithmic dependence on the hydration degree. These trends are linked to the densification of the material during the hydration process, explained by compaction mechanics and free volume theory. We show that while the fracture process zone size is essentially constant during the hydration process, the ductility of the material, quantified by M/H, decreases, and is consistent with the evolution of Kc/H. Both quantities provide a convenient way to experimentally assess the fracture sensitivity of early-age cement-based materials.

 

 

 

 

 

 

VL - 75 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - First-principles prediction of kink-pair activation enthalpy on screw dislocations in bcc transition metals: V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, and Fe JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2015 A1 - Dezerald, Lucile A1 - Proville, L. A1 - Ventelon, Lisa A1 - Willaime, F. A1 - Rodney, D. AB -

The atomistic study of kink pairs on screw dislocations in body-centered cubic (bcc) metals is challenging because interatomic potentials in bcc metals still lack accuracy and kink pairs require too many atoms to be modeled by first principles. Here, we circumvent this difficulty using a one-dimensional line tension model whose parameters, namely the line tension and Peierls barrier, are reachable to density functional theory calculations. The model parameterized in V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, and Fe, is used to study the kink-pair activation enthalpy and spatial extension. Interestingly, we find that the atomistic line tension is more than twice the usual elastic estimates. The calculations also show interesting group tendencies with the line tension and kink-pair width larger in group V than in group VI elements. Finally, the present kink-pair activation energies are shown to compare qualitatively with experimental data and potential origins of quantitative discrepancies are discussed.

VL - 91 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.094105 IS - 9 JO - Phys. Rev. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fractal analysis of surface roughness of montmorillonite clay self-supported films: Effects of exchanged cations and of mechanical tensile stress JF - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Y1 - 2015 A1 - Zabat, M. A1 - Harba, R. A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -

In this paper, surface roughness of self-supported montmorillonite clay films was studied by the use of fractal analysis to study its links with various inter-foliar cations, mechanical properties, and permeability. The Hurst exponent of fractional Brownian motion was estimated by maximum likelihood from optical images in reflection mode. Images corresponding to films with different inter-foliar exchanged cations visually show significant texture variations. It is confirmed by a continuous decrease of H parameter toward less correlated textures as one goes from the samples exchanged with monovalent ions to those exchanged with divalent and finally trivalent ions. The same films were analyzed while they were submitted to mechanical tensile stress. The films exchanged with the most charged cations or less hydrated ones do not show any evidence of texture change and the H parameter is almost constant. Concerning the permeability study, less permeable parent cakes – with hydrated monovalent cations – lead to relatively smooth and less disturbed surface films with high H parameter. In the opposite, very permeable cakes give birth to anti-persistent relief.

VL - 486 JO - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fracture toughness of calcium–silicate–hydrate from molecular dynamics simulations JF - Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Christian G. Hoover A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Concrete is the most widely manufactured material in the world. Its binding phase, calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H), is responsible for its mechanical properties and has an atomic structure fairly similar to that of usual calcium silicate glasses, which makes it appealing to study this material with tools and theories traditionally used for non-crystalline solids. Here, following this idea, we use molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the fracture toughness of C–S–H, inaccessible experimentally. This allows us to discuss the brittleness of the material at the atomic scale. We show that, at this scale, C–S–H breaks in a ductile way, which prevents one from using methods based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Knowledge of the fracture properties of C–S–H at the atomic scale opens the way for an upscaling approach to the design of tougher cement paste, which would allow for the design of slender environment-friendly infrastructures, requiring less material.

VL - 419 JO - Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids ER - TY - Generic T1 - Hydration Kinetics and Gel Morphology of C-S-H T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Pierre E. Levitz A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Emanuela Del Gado ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

Calcium-silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is the main binder in cement and concrete. It starts forming from the early stages of cement hydration and it progressively densifies as cement sets. C-S-H nanoscale building blocks form a cohesive gel, whose structure and mechanics are still poorly understood, in spite of its practical importance. Here we review a statistical physics approach recently developed, which allows us to investigate the C-S-H gel formation under the out-of-equilibrium conditions typical of cement hydration. Our approach is based on colloidal particles, precipitating in the pore solution and interacting with effective forces associated to the ionic environment. We present the evolution of the space filling of C-S-H with different particle interactions and compare them with experimental data at different lime concentrations. Moreover, we discuss the structural features of C-S-H in the mesoscale in terms of the scattering intensity. The comparison of our early stage C-S-H structures with small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments shows that long range spatial correlations and structural heterogeneties that develop in that early stages of hydration persist also in the hardened paste.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Implicit frictional-contact model for soft particle systems JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2015 A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Julien Averseng A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We introduce a novel numerical approach for the simulation of soft particles interacting via frictional contacts. This approach is based on an implicit formulation of the Material Point Method, allowing for large particle deformations, combined with the Contact Dynamics method for the treatment of unilateral frictional contacts between particles. This approach is both precise due to the treatment of contacts with no regularization and artificial damping parameters, and robust due to implicit time integration of both bulk degrees of freedom and relative contact velocities at the nodes representing the contact points. By construction, our algorithm is capable of handling arbitrary particle shapes and deformations. We illustrate this approach by two simple 2D examples: a Hertz contact and a rolling particle on an inclined plane. We also investigate the compaction of a packing of circular particles up to a solid fraction well above the jamming limit of hard particles. We find that, for the same level of deformation, the solid fraction in a packing of frictional particles is above that of a packing of frictionless particles as a result of larger particle shape change.

VL - 83 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Inference of the phase-to-mechanical property link via coupled X-ray spectrometry and indentation analysis: Application to cement-based materials JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2015 A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Wilson, William A1 - James, Simon A1 - Musso, Simone A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

A novel approach for the chemo-mechanical characterization of cement-based materials is presented, which combines the classical grid indentation technique with elemental mapping by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). It is illustrated through application to an oil-well cement system with siliceous filler. The characteristic X-rays of major elements (silicon, calcium and aluminum) are measured over the indentation region and mapped back on the indentation points. Measured intensities together with indentation hardness and modulus are considered in a clustering analysis within the framework of Finite Mixture Models with Gaussian component density function. The method is able to successfully isolate the calcium-silica-hydrate gel at the indentation scale from its mixtures with other products of cement hydration and anhydrous phases; thus providing a convenient means to link mechanical response to the calcium-to-silicon ratio quantified independently via X-ray wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. A discussion of uncertainty quantification of the estimated chemo-mechanical properties and phase volume fractions, as well as the effect of chemical observables on phase assessment is also included.

VL - 67 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Internal friction and absence of dilatancy of packings of frictionless polygons JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2015 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Noel  Roux AB -

By means of numerical simulations, we show that assemblies of frictionless rigid pentagons in slow shear flow possess an internal friction coefficient (equalto0.183±0.008 with our choice of moderately polydisperse grains) but no macroscopic dilatancy. In other words, despite side-side contacts tending to hinder relative particle rotations, the solidfraction under quasistatic shear coincides with that of isotropic random close packings of pentagonal particles. Properties of polygonal grains are thus similar to those of disks in that respect. We argue that continuous reshuffling of the force-bearing network leads to frequent collapsing events at the microscale, thereby causing the macroscopic dilatancy to vanish. Despite such rearrangements, the shear flow favors an anisotropic structure that is at the origin of the ability of the system to sustain shear stress.

VL - 91 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Interplay of curvature and temperature in the Casimir–Polder interaction JF - Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten AB -

We study the Casimir-Polder interaction at finite temperatures between a polarizable small, anisotropic particle and a non-planar surface using a derivative expansion. We obtain the leading and the next-to-leading curvature corrections to the interaction for low and high temperatures. Explicit results are provided for the retarded limit in the presence of a perfectly conducting surface.

VL - 27 IS - 21 JO - J. Phys.: Condens. Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Investigating carbon materials nanostructure using image orientation statistics JF - Carbon Y1 - 2015 A1 - J. Philippe Da-Costa A1 - Weisbecker, P. A1 - Baptiste Farbos A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale A1 - Gérard L. Vignoles A1 - Germain, C. AB -

A new characterization method of the lattice fringe images of turbostratic carbons is proposed. This method is based on the computation of their orientation field without explicit detection of fringes. It allows meaningful insights into the material nanostructure and nanotexture at several scales, either qualitatively or quantitatively. The calculation of pairwise spatial statistics of the orientation field at short distance provides measurements of the coherence lengths along any direction, in particular along and orthogonally to the layers. These statistics also allow representing orientation coherence patterns typical of the observed nanostructure. At larger distances, the mean disorientation of the fringes is computed and information about the homogeneity of the sample is obtained. An experimental validation is carried out on various artificial images and an application to the characterization of four bulk turbostratic carbons is provided.

VL - 84 JO - Carbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ion-specific adsorption and electroosmosis in charged amorphous porous silica JF - Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. Y1 - 2015 A1 - Hartkamp, Remco A1 - Bertrand Siboulet A1 - Jean-Francois Dufreche A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Monovalent and divalent aqueous electrolytes confined in negatively charged porous silica are studied by means of molecular simulations including free energy calculations. Owing to the strong cation adsorption at the surface, surface charge overcompensation (overscreening) occurs which leads to an effective positive surface next to the Stern layer, followed by a negatively charged diffuse layer. A simple Poisson-Boltzmann model in which the single-ion potential of mean force is introduced is shown to capture the most prominent features of ion density profiles near an amorphous silica surface. Nevertheless, due to its mean-field nature, which fails to account for correlations, this simple model does not predict overscreening corresponding to charge inversion at the surface. Such an overscreening drastically affects the transport of confined electrolytes as it leads to flow reversal when subjected to an electric field. A simple continuum theory is shown to capture how the electro-osmotic flow is affected by overscreening and by the apparent enhanced viscosity of the confined electrolytes. Comparison with available experimental data is discussed, as well as the implications of these phenomena for ζ-potential measurements.

VL - 17 IS - 38 JO - Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Kinetic Simulations of Cement Creep: Mechanisms from Shear Deformations of Glasses T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Sidney Yip ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

The logarithmic deviatoric creep of cement paste is a technical and scientific challenge. Transition State Theory (TST) indicates that some nanoscale mechanisms of shear deformation, associated with a specific kind of strain hardening, can explain the type of deviatoric creep observed experimentally in mature cement pastes. To test this possible explanation, we simulate the shear deformations of a colloidal model of cement hydrates at the nanoscale. Results from quasi-static simulations indicate a strain hardening analogous to that postulated by the TST approach. Additional results from oscillatory shear (fatigue) simulations show an increase of deformation with number of loading cycles that is consistent with the observed creep. These findings indicate that nanoscale simulations can improve our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying creep, with potential to go beyond the logarithmic creep and explore the onset of failure during tertiary creep.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete StructuresCONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Les matériaux poreux : un domaine scientifique et technologique pluridisciplinaire au futur radieux JF - Matériaux & Techniques Y1 - 2015 A1 - Ayral, Andre A1 - Calas-Etienne, Sylvie A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Deratani, André A1 - Grande, Daniel A1 - Quemener, Damien A1 - Rossignol, Sylvie AB -

Porous materials cover a broad multidisciplinary scientific and technological domain. They are used in numerous existing and emerging devices and processes related to key societal issues both in environmental protection and for the benefit of the economy. Our choice was to illustrate advances in porous materials through three specific examples: porous materials engineering in the case of organic mesoporous materials prepared from block polymers, modeling and numerical simulation of adsorption of molecular species at the nanoscale and, finally technological applications as thermal insulators.

VL - 103 UR - http://www.mattech-journal.org/10.1051/mattech/2015050 IS - 7 JO - Matériaux & Techniques ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Liquid clustering and capillary pressure in granular media JF - Journal of Fluid Mechanics Y1 - 2015 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of extensive lattice Boltzmann simulations, we investigate the process of growth and coalescence of liquid clusters in a granular material as the amount of liquid increases. A homogeneous grain–liquid mixture is obtained by means of capillary condensation, thus providing meaningful statistics on the liquid distribution inside the granular material. The tensile stress carried by the grains as a function of the amount of condensed liquid reveals four distinct states, with a peak stress occurring at the transition from a primary coalescence process, where the cohesive strength is carried mostly by the grains, to a secondary process governed by the increase of the liquid cluster volumes. We show that the evolution of capillary states is correctly captured by a simple model accounting for the competing effects of the Laplace pressure and grain–liquid interface.

VL - 762 JO - J. Fluid Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Magnetic nanopantograph in the SrCu 2 (BO 3 ) 2 Shastry–Sutherland lattice JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2015 A1 - Guillaume Radtke A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - Dabkowska, Hanna A. A1 - Salamon, Myron B. A1 - Jaime, Marcelo AB -

Magnetic materials having competing, i.e., frustrated, interactions can display magnetism prolific in intricate structures, discrete jumps, plateaus, and exotic spin states with increasing applied magnetic fields. When the associated elastic energy cost is not too expensive, this high potential can be enhanced by the existence of an omnipresent magnetoelastic coupling. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence of a nonnegligible magnetoelastic coupling in one of these fascinating materials, SrCu2(BO3)(2) (SCBO). First, using pulsed-field transversal and longitudinal magnetostriction measurements we show that its physical dimensions, indeed, mimic closely its unusually rich field-induced magnetism. Second, using density functional-based calculations we find that the driving force behind the magnetoelastic coupling is the CuOCu superexchange angle that, due to the orthogonal Cu2+ dimers acting as pantographs, can shrink significantly (0.44%) with minute (0.01%) variations in the lattice parameters. With this original approach we also find a reduction of similar to 10% in the intradimer exchange integral J, enough to make predictions for the highly magnetized states and the effects of applied pressure on SCBO.

VL - 112 UR - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1421414112 IS - 7 JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Magnetic nanopantograph in the SrCu2(BO3)2 Shastry–Sutherland lattice JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2015 A1 - Guillaume Radtke A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - Dabkowska, Hanna A. A1 - Salamon, Myron B. A1 - Jaime, Marcelo AB -

Magnetic materials having competing, i.e., frustrated, interactions can display magnetism prolific in intricate structures, discrete jumps, plateaus, and exotic spin states with increasing applied magnetic fields. When the associated elastic energy cost is not too expensive, this high potential can be enhanced by the existence of an omnipresent magnetoelastic coupling. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence of a nonnegligible magnetoelastic coupling in one of these fascinating materials, SrCu2(BO3)2 (SCBO). First, using pulsed-field transversal and longitudinal magnetostriction measurements we show that its physical dimensions, indeed, mimic closely its unusually rich field-induced magnetism. Second, using density functional-based calculations we find that the driving force behind the magnetoelastic coupling is the CuOCu^ superexchange angle that, due to the orthogonal Cu2+ dimers acting as pantographs, can shrink significantly (0.44%) with minute (0.01%) variations in the lattice parameters. With this original approach we also find a reduction of ∼10% in the intradimer exchange integral J, enough to make predictions for the highly magnetized states and the effects of applied pressure on SCBO.

VL - 112 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Maya blue nanostructured material concept applied to colouring geopolymers JF - RSC Adv. Y1 - 2015 A1 - Ouellet-Plamondon, Claudiane A1 - Aranda, Pilar A1 - Favier, Aurélie A1 - Habert, Guillaume A1 - Henri Van Damme A1 - Ruiz-Hitzky, Eduardo AB -

Maya blue is an ancient nanostructured pigment synthetized by assembling indigo, a natural dye, with palygorskite, a microfibrous clay mineral. The novelty of our approach is to mimic “pre-Columbian nanotechnology” and to functionalize geopolymers with a sepiolite-based hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposite inspired from the Maya blue. It is acid- and UV-resistant, as confirmed by the stability of Maya mural paintings over time. We synthesized analogous pigments, using methylene blue (MB) and methyl red (MR) as organic dyes and sepiolite as fibrous clay mineral. We used an aqueous and a solid-state method, both leading to encapsulation of dye monomers into the clay micropores, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. This nanostructured pigment was then included into a geopolymer matrix at room temperature. The stability of the new material to UV and acid was tested. It was confirmed that it is the prior encapsulation of the dye into sepiolite that leads to the stability of the pigment in the geopolymer matrix. This first study opens the way to numerous possibilities for functionalizing inorganic binder materials with organic elements that would be otherwise sensitive to thermal treatment in conventional ceramic processing.

VL - 5 IS - 120 JO - RSC Adv. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mechanism of H2O Insertion and Chemical Bond Formation in AlPO 4-54·x H2O at High Pressure JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society Y1 - 2015 A1 - Alabarse, Frederico G. A1 - Rouquette, Jérôme A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Haidoux, Abel A1 - Paulmann, Carsten A1 - Cambon, Olivier A1 - Haines, Julien AB -

The insertion of H2O in AlPO4-54•xH2O at high pressure was investigated by single-crystal x-ray diffraction and Monte Carlo molecular simulation. H2O molecules are concentrated, in particular near the pore walls. Upon insertion, the additional water is highly disordered. Insertion of H2O (superhydration) is found to impede pore collapse in the material, thereby strongly modifying its mechanical behavior. However, instead of stabilizing the structure with respect to amorphization, the results provide evidence for the early stages of chemical bond formation between H2O molecules and tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum, which is at the origin of the amorphization/reaction process.

VL - 137 IS - 2 JO - J. Am. Chem. Soc. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mechanism of strength reduction along the graphenization pathway JF - Science Advances Y1 - 2015 A1 - Antonio Gamboa A1 - Baptiste Farbos A1 - Aurel, P. A1 - Gérard L. Vignoles A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale AB -

Even though polycrystalline graphene has shown a surprisingly high tensile strength, the influence of inherent grain boundaries on such property remains unclear. We study the fracture properties of a series of polycrystalline graphene models of increasing thermodynamic stability, as obtained from a long molecular dynamics simulation at an elevated temperature. All of the models show the typical and well-documented brittle fracture behavior of polycrystalline graphene; however, a clear decrease in all fracture properties is observed with increasing annealing time. The remarkably high fracture properties obtained for the most disordered (less annealed) structures arise from the formation of many nonpropagating prefracture cracks, significantly retarding failure. The stability of these reversible cracks is due to the nonlocal character of load transfer after a bond rupture in very disordered systems. It results in an insufficient strain level on neighboring bonds to promote fracture propagation. Although polycrystallinity seems to be an unavoidable feature of chemically synthesized graphenes, these results suggest that targeting highly disordered states might be a convenient way to obtain improved mechanical properties.

 

 

 

 

 

 

VL - 1 IS - 10 JO - Science Advances ER - TY - Generic T1 - The Meso-Scale Texture of Cement Hydrate Gels: Out-of-Equilibrium Evolution and Thermodynamic Driving T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures CONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Sidney Yip ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

By the end of cement hydration calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gels extends over tens and hundreds of nanometers. Their complex texture affects directly, and to a large extent, the macroscopic hygrothermal and mechanical behavior of cement. Here we review a statistical physics approach recently developed, which allows us to investigate the gel formation under the out-of-equilibrium conditions typical of cement hydration and the role of the nano-scale structure in C—S—H mechanics upon hardening. Our investigations have unveiled the role, in the C-S-H gels, of nano-scale structural and mechanical heterogeneities that develop due to the the far-from-equilibrium physico-chemical environment in which the material forms. A subtle interplay between the out-of-equilibrium evolution and the effective interactions emerging between the nano-scale units of the gels at different stages of the hydration process ultimately determines the mesoscale texture of cement hydrates and their material properties.

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures CONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015 Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - Generic T1 - Micromechanical analysis of the surface erosion of a cohesive soil by means of a coupled LBM-DEM model T2 - IV International Conference on Particle-based Methods (PARTICLES 2015) Y1 - 2015 A1 - Cuellar, Pablo A1 - Pierre Philippe A1 - Stéphane Bonelli A1 - Benahmed, Nadia A1 - Brunier-Coulin, Florian A1 - Jeff Ngoma A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Onate, E ED - Bischoff, M ED - Owen, DRJ KW - Cohesion KW - DEM KW - LBM KW - Surface erosion AB -

The elementary mechanisms driving the ubiquitous surface erosion of cohesive geomaterials can be analysed from a micromechanical perspective combining well-known numerical techniques. Here, a coupled model combining the Discrete Element and Lattice Boltzmann methods (DEM-LBM) provides an insight into the solid-fluid interaction during the transient erosion caused by a vertical fluid jet impinging on the surface of a granular assembly. The brittle cementation providing cohesion between the solid grains is described here by means of a simple bond model with a single-parameter yield surface. The initial topology of the surface erosion tends to mimic the profile of fluid velocity directly above the soil surface. We find that both the rate of erosion and the magnitude of eroded mass depend directly on the micromechanical strength of the single solid bonds.

JF - IV International Conference on Particle-based Methods (PARTICLES 2015) PB - International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) CY - SEP 28-30 2015 Barcelona, SPAIN VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS IV-FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269324 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Modeling force transmission in granular materials JF - Comptes Rendus Physique Y1 - 2015 A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

The probability density function of contact forces in granular materials has been extensively studied and modeled as an outstanding signature of granular microstructure. Arguing that particle environments play a fundamental role in force transmission, we analyze the effects of steric constraints with respect to force balance condition and show that each force may be considered as resulting from a balance between lower and larger forces in proportions that mainly depend on steric effects. This idea leads to a general model that predicts an analytical expression of force density with a single free parameter. This expression fits well our simulation data and generically predicts the exponential fall-off of strong forces, a small peak below the mean force and the non-zero probability of vanishingly small forces.

VL - 16 IS - 1 JO - Comptes Rendus Physique ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nano-chemo-mechanical signature of conventional oil-well cement systems: Effects of elevated temperature and curing time JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2015 A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Jeffrey J. Thomas A1 - Musso, Simone A1 - James, Simon A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

With ever more challenging (T,p) environments for cementing applications in oil and gas wells, there is a need to identify the fundamental mechanisms of fracture resistant oil well cements. We report results from a multi-technique investigation of behavior and properties of API class G cement and silica-enriched cement systems subjected to hydrothermal curing from 30 °C to 200 °C; including electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry analysis, electron microscopy, neutron scattering (SANS), and fracture scratch testing. The results provide a new insight into the link between system chemistry, micro-texture and micro-fracture toughness. We suggest that the strong correlation found between chemically modulated specific surface and fracture resistance can explain the drop in fracture properties of neat oil-well cements at elevated temperatures; the fracture property enhancement in silica-rich cement systems, between 110° and 175 °C; and the drop in fracture properties of such systems through prolonged curing over 1 year at 200 °C.

Fig.1. Particle size distribution of the silica flour (ground quartz) incorporated…

Fig.2. Location of the “chemical poles” of the cement clinker and cement hydration…

Fig.3. Simplified schematic of: (a) the cement paste microstructure cured at room…

Fig.4. A schematic of the effect of adding an extra dimension, Al, to the statistical…

Fig.5. X-ray powder diffraction spectra with qualitative analysis of the major phases…

Fig.6. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) carried out on samples cured in the…

VL - 67 JO - Cement and Concrete Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanoscale elasticity of highly anisotropic pyrocarbons JF - Carbon Y1 - 2015 A1 - Baptiste Farbos A1 - J. Philippe Da-Costa A1 - Gérard L. Vignoles A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale AB -

We report on the elastic properties of high-textured laminar pyrocarbons (PyCs) as obtained at the nanoscale using atomistic simulations on realistic models of the rough laminar (RL) PyC, the regenerative laminar (ReL) PyC, and the ReL PyC heat treated at temperatures up to 1700 °C. The purely longitudinal ( and ) and transverse ( and ) elastic properties of such materials have values of around 50–75% of those found for graphite. Conversely, cross longitudinal-transverse properties ( and ) are much larger in PyCs than in graphite (up to around one order of magnitude for ). Our results also show that stiffness decreases with the hydrogen content, that longitudinal properties increase with the extent of graphene domains and decrease with the misorientation of the layers, and that transverse and cross properties significantly increase with the amount of interlayer cross-links present in the materials. Comparison to known experimental data indicates that texture effect at superior scales play an important role in the effective macroscopic elasticity constants. Finally, from a materials perspective and in agreement with the structural evolution, the elastic properties of the ReL PyC evolve with heat treatment towards those of the RL PyC.

VL - 94 JO - Carbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Native Morphology of Hydrated Spheroidal Halloysite Observed by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy JF - Clays and Clay Minerals Y1 - 2015 A1 - Berthonneau, Jeremie A1 - Grauby, Olivier A1 - Jeannin, Charlotte A1 - Chaudanson, Damien A1 - Joussein, Emmanuel A1 - Alain Baronnet AB -

Natural mineral materials such as tabular and spheroidal halloysites have recently been suggested as candidates for intercalating metal ions or organic molecules. Their potential use as nano-adsorbents is related to their porous structure and water content. Although the two morphologies can coexist in natural deposits, spheroidal halloysites remain poorly characterized whereas much literature exists on tubular halloysites. The present study investigates the native morphology, internal porous structure, and behavior upon dehydration of spheroidal halloysite from Opotiki (New Zealand). This mineral was characterized in its natural hydrated state using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an environmental cell (EC-TEM). The sample was placed in a sealed block in which water vapor-saturated air circulated at a pressure of 30 Torr. The observed particles consisted of almost complete spheroids displaying polyhedral external surfaces. 1:1 layers stack concentrically as a pore-free, onion-like structure. The dynamic processes of dehydration created by slow depressurization of the cell resulted in a decrease in the layer-to-layer distance (d001) from ~10 Å to ~7 Å due to the loss of interlayer water molecules. Irreversible formation of spurious ‘internal pores’ was recorded during this process. These pores were not indigenous to the hydrated 10 Å halloysite and resulted from the collapse of the native layers. They cannot account for the physical chemical properties of spheroidal halloysite. Spheroidal halloysites would have a lower propensity for intercalating ions or molecules than tubular halloysites. Isolated facets were also observed in high-resolution-TEM and displayed a pseudo-hexagonal morphology. The three-dimensional microstructure of the spheroid appeared bent along the three pseudo equivalent yi directions of the kaolinite-like single layers. An analogy with polyhedral serpentine has allowed the proposal of a formation process of hydrated spheroidal halloysite triggered by enrichment in divalent ions in the growth system.

VL - 63 UR - http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0009-8604&volume=63&issue=5&spage=368 IS - 5 JO - Clays Clay Miner. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Numerical simulation of granular media composed with irregular polyhedral particles: effect of particles' angularity T2 - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) Y1 - 2015 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Dubois, Frédéric ED - Onate, E ED - Owen, DRJ KW - angularity KW - force transmission KW - Granular Materials KW - particle shape KW - texture AB -

We use contact dynamic simulations to perform a systematic investigation of the effects of particles shape angularity on mechanicals response in sheared granular ma-terials. The particles are irregular polyhedra with varying numbers of face from spheres to "double pyramid" shape with a constant aspect ratio. We study the quasi-static behav-ior, structural and force anisotropies of several packings subjected to triaxial compression. An interesting finding is that the shear strength first increases with angularity up to a maximum value and then saturates as the particles become more angular. Analyzing the anisotropies induced by the angular distributions of contacts and forces orientations, we show that the saturation of the shear strength at higher angularities is a consequence of fall-off of the texture anisotropies compensated by an increase of the tangential force anisotropy. This is attributed to the fact that at higher angularity, particles are bet-ter connected (or surrounded) leading to an increase of friction mobilization in order to achieve the deformation. Moreover, the most angular particles also have very few sides so that, this effect is enhanced by the increase of the proportion of face-side and side-side contacts with angularity.

JF - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) CY - OCT 26-28 2011 Barcelona, SPAIN VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS II: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01112373 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Optimized molecular reconstruction procedure combining hybrid reverse Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bousige, Colin A1 - Botan, Alexandru A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

We report an efficient atom-scale reconstruction method that consists of combining the Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo algorithm (HRMC) with Molecular Dynamics (MD) in the framework of a simulated annealing technique. In the spirit of the experimentally constrained molecular relaxation technique [Biswas et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 195207 (2004)], this modified procedure offers a refined strategy in the field of reconstruction techniques, with special interest for heterogeneous and disordered solids such as amorphous porous materials. While the HRMC method generates physical structures, thanks to the use of energy penalties, the combination with MD makes the method at least one order of magnitude faster than HRMC simulations to obtain structures of similar quality. Furthermore, in order to ensure the transferability of this technique, we provide rational arguments to select the various input parameters such as the relative weight ω of the energy penalty with respect to the structure optimization. By applying the method to disordered porous carbons, we show that adsorption properties provide data to test the global texture of the reconstructed sample but are only weakly sensitive to the presence of defects. In contrast, the vibrational properties such as the phonon density of states are found to be very sensitive to the local structure of the sample.

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VL - 142 IS - 11 JO - J. Chem. Phys. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Organic–Clay Interfacial Chemical Bonds Probed by ab Initio Calculations JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bocquet, Marie-Laure A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -
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Evaluating the nature of binding of the organic phase (called kerogen) with clays and other minerals in gas and oil shale is of critical importance for developing optimal processes for hydrocarbon extraction and recovery. Here we report the results of an ab initio reactive study of a gaseous oil/clay interface, which consists of grafting fragments of sp3 methane and sp2 benzene onto the basal surface of illite. Methane and benzene fragments were selected as they correspond to the simplest monomers of the immature (aliphatic sp3 carbon atoms) and mature (aromatic sp2 carbon atoms) stages of the kerogen macromolecule while illite is encountered in many shale formations. We find that the methyl or phenyl radicals always bond upright to one of the outmost Si atoms of the clay phase, while the H atom attaches to the inner Al–OH group forming a water molecule. The covalent attachment of the radicals to the oxygen atoms of the clay surface is always less favorable than to the silicon atoms. The energetics of these grafted adducts are discussed along with the maturation state of the shale. An unanticipated signature of the covalent Si–C binding is the formation of hypervalent Si complexes, characterized by elongated bonds at the oil/clay interface. We complement our atomistic modeling by simulating IR spectra of the two covalently grafted interfaces (methyl–illite and phenyl–illite) which fingerprint elongated Si–C bonds in the frequency range 1100–1250 cm–1. This novel finding should have a large impact on the understanding of fracking conditions in shales through this tight- and loose-bonded organic/inorganic interface.

VL - 119 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Physical Origins of Thermal Properties of Cement Paste JF - Physical Review Applied Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Despite the ever-increasing interest in multiscale porous materials, the chemophysical origin of their thermal properties at the nanoscale and its connection to the macroscale properties still remain rather obscure. In this paper, we link the atomic- and macroscopic-level thermal properties by combining tools of statistical physics and mean-field homogenization theory. We begin with analyzing the vibrational density of states of several calcium-silicate materials in the cement paste. Unlike crystalline phases, we indicate that calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) exhibit extra vibrational states at low frequencies (<2THz) compared to the vibrational states predicted by the Debye model. This anomaly is commonly referred to as the boson peak in glass physics. In addition, the specific-heat capacity of CSH in both dry and saturated states scales linearly with the calcium-to-silicon ratio. We show that the nanoscale-confining environment of CSH decreases the apparent heat capacity of water by a factor of 4. Furthermore, full thermal conductivity tensors for all phases are calculated via the Green-Kubo formalism. We estimate the mean free path of phonons in calcium silicates to be on the order of interatomic bonds. This satisfies the scale separability condition and justifies the use of mean-field homogenization theories for upscaling purposes. Upscaling schemes yield a good estimate of the macroscopic specific-heat capacity and thermal conductivity of cement paste during the hydration process, independent of fitting parameters.

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VL - 3 IS - 6 JO - Phys. Rev. Applied ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Polarized Water Wires under Confinement in Chiral Channels JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry B Y1 - 2015 A1 - Barboiu, Mihail A1 - Pierre-Andre Cazade A1 - Le Duc, Yann A1 - Yves-Marie Legrand A1 - Arie Van Der Lee A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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The alignment of water molecules along chiral pores may activate proton/ion conduction along dipolar hydrophilic pathways. Here we show that a simple synthetic “T-channel” forms a directional pore with its carbonyl moieties solvated by chiral helical water wires. Atom-scale simulations and experimental crystallographic assays reveal a dynamical structure of water and electrolyte solutions (alkali metal chlorides) confined in these organic T-channels. Oscillations in the dipole orientation, which correspond to alternative ordering (dipole up–dipole down) of the water molecules with a period of about 4.2 Å (imposed by the distance between two successive carbonyl groups) are observed. When ions are added to the system, despite the strong Coulombic water/ion interaction, confined water remains significantly ordered in the T-channel and still exhibits surface-induced polarization. Cation permeation can be achieved through alternated hydration–dehydration occurring along strongly oriented water wires. The T-channel, which exhibits chirality with strong water orientation, provides an opportunity to unravel novel water-channel systems that share many interesting properties of biomolecular systems.

VL - 119 IS - 28 JO - J. Phys. Chem. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Predicting Adsorption on Bare and Modified Silica Surfaces JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2015 A1 - Lépinay, Matthieu A1 - Broussous, Lucile A1 - Licitra, Christophe A1 - Bertin, François A1 - Rouessac, Vincent A1 - Ayral, Andre A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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We show that Derjaguin’s theory of adsorption can be used to predict adsorption on bare and modified surfaces using parameters available to simple experiments. Using experiment and molecular simulation of adsorption of various gases on hydroxylated, methylated, and trifluoromethylated silica, this simple parametrization of Derjaguin’s model allows predicting adsorption on any functionalized surface using a minimum set of parameters such as the heat of vaporization of the adsorbate and the Henry constant of the adsorption isotherm. This general yet simple scheme constitutes a powerful tool as it avoids having to carry out tedious and complex adsorption measurements.

VL - 119 IS - 11 JO - J. Phys. Chem. C ER - TY - JOUR T1 - On the prediction of graphene’s elastic properties with reactive empirical bond order potentials JF - Carbon Y1 - 2015 A1 - Antonio Gamboa A1 - Gérard L. Vignoles A1 - Jean-Marc Leyssale AB -

The elastic properties of graphene as described by the reactive empirical bond order potential are studied through uniaxial tensile tests calculations at both zero temperature, with a conjugate gradient approach, and room temperature, with molecular dynamics simulations. A perfect linear elastic behavior is observed at 0 K up to ≈0.1% strain. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio obtained with this potential are of ≈730 GPa and 0.39, respectively, with little chirality effects. These values differ significantly from former estimations, much closer to experimental values. We show that these former values have certainly been obtained by neglecting the effect of atomic relaxation, leading to a severe inaccuracy. At larger strains, an extended apparent linear domain is observed in the stress–strain curves, which is relevant to Young’s modulus calculations at finite temperature. Our molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K have allowed obtaining the following, chirality dependent, apparent Young’s moduli, 860 and 761 GPa, and Poisson’s ratios, 0.12 and 0.23, for armchair and zigzag loadings, respectively.

VL - 89 JO - Carbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Probing the microporosity of low-k organosilica films: MP and t-plot methods applied to ellipsometric porosimetry data JF - Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Y1 - 2015 A1 - Lépinay, Matthieu A1 - Broussous, Lucile A1 - Licitra, Christophe A1 - Bertin, François A1 - Rouessac, Vincent A1 - Ayral, Andre A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) experiments are performed to obtain the adsorption isotherms of water, methanol, and toluene on pristine and damaged SiOCH porous materials. The use of gaseous adsorbates with different polarities, sizes, and surface tensions enables us to probe their affinity with such organosilica surfaces. Using reference t-curves obtained from Statistical Mechanics molecular simulations, we discuss the ability of the MicroPore analysis (MP) method to accurately estimate micropore sizes from EP measurements by comparing them with the mean pore sizes obtained using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). We also report accessible microporous volumes estimated from the t-plot method used with the reference t-curves obtained by means of molecular simulation. We show that EP characterization of microporous films combined with the MP and t-plot methods can be improved by taking into account the effect of the chemical nature of the pore surface on the variation of the adsorbed thickness (t-curve).

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VL - 217 JO - Microporous and Mesoporous Materials ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Reversing the critical Casimir force by shape deformation JF - Physics Letters B Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Kardar, Mehran AB -

The exact critical Casimir force between periodically deformed boundaries of a 2D semi-infinite strip is obtained for conformally invariant classical systems. Only two parameters (conformal charge and scaling dimension of a boundary changing operator), along withthe solution of an electrostatic problem, determine the Casimir force, rendering the theory practically applicable to any shape and arrangement. The attraction between any two mirror symmetric objects follows directly from our general result. The possibility of purely shape induced reversal of the force, as well as occurrence of stable equilibrium points, is demonstrated for certain conformally invariant models, including the tricritical Ising model.

VL - 743 JO - Physics Letters B ER - TY - Generic T1 - Rheology and Micromechanical Analysis of Granular Media Composed of Platy Particles: A Step Toward the DEM Simulation of Clayey Soils T2 - 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (PCSMGE) / 8th South American Congress on Rock Mechanics (SCRM) Y1 - 2015 A1 - Boton, Mauricio A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Emilien Azéma ED - Manzanal, D ED - Sfriso, AO AB -

This work was carried out in the framework of a larger project devoted
to the micro-mechanical modeling of clayey soils by means of discrete element
simulations. Here, we study the rheology and microstructure of granular media
composed of platy particles. The particles are three-dimensional square plates,
approximated as spheropolyhedra. Several samples composed of particles of
different levels of platyness (related to the ratio of length to thickness) were
numerically prepared and sheared up to large deformations. Specifically, we
revisit and analyze in detail an ordering phenomenon described briefly in a
previous paper [1] and investigate its consequences in terms of the alignment of
particles and cluster formation. We find that particle alignment is strongly
enhanced by the degree of platyness and leads to the formation of face-connected
clusters. Due to dynamics, this spontaneous clustering is a robust characteristic of
granular systems composed of platy particles even in the absence of attraction
forces.

 

JF - 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (PCSMGE) / 8th South American Congress on Rock Mechanics (SCRM) CY - NOV 15-18 2015 Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA VL - FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO APPLICATIONS IN GEOTECHNICS ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rigidity transition in materials: hardness is driven by weak atomic constraints. JF - Phys Rev Lett Y1 - 2015 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Understanding the composition dependence of the hardness in materials is of primary importance for infrastructures and handled devices. Stimulated by the need for stronger protective screens, topological constraint theory has recently been used to predict the hardness in glasses. Herein, we report that the concept of rigidity transition can be extended to a broader range of materials than just glass. We show that hardness depends linearly on the number of angular constraints, which, compared to radial interactions, constitute the weaker ones acting between the atoms. This leads to a predictive model for hardness, generally applicable to any crystalline or glassy material.

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VL - 114 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Roughness-Induced Vehicle Energy Dissipation: Statistical Analysis and Scaling JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2015 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Tootkaboni, Mazdak A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The energy dissipated in a vehicle suspension system due to road roughness affects rolling resistance and the resulting fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission. The key parameters driving this dissipation mechanism are identified via dimensional analysis. A mechanistic model is proposed that relates vehicle dynamic properties and road roughness statistics to vehicle dissipated energy and thus fuel consumption. A scaling relationship between the dissipated energy and the most commonly used road roughness index, the International Roughness Index (IRI), is also established. It is shown that the dissipated energy scales with IRI squared and scaling of dissipation with vehicle speed V depends on road waviness number w in the form of Vw2. The effect of marginal probability distribution of the road roughness profile on dissipated energy is examined. It is shown that although the marginal distribution of the road profile does not affect the identified scaling relationships, the multiplicative factor in these relationships does change from one distribution to another. As an example of practical application, the model is calibrated with the empirical HDM-4 model for different vehicle classes.

VL - 141 IS - 11 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Shrinkage Due to Colloidal Force Interactions T2 - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures CONCREEP 10 Y1 - 2015 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Hellmich, Christian ED - Pichler, Bernhard ED - Kollegger, Johann AB -

It has long been argued that shrinkage in cementitious materials can occur even in the absence of drying phenomena. Herein we argue that such shrinkage is attributable to colloidal forces that develop between C-S-H particles during the hydration in an out-of-equilibrium process. We base our argument on meso-scale simulation results, and show via microporomechanics theory that such colloidal forces can lead to the build-up of solid eigenstresses causing macroscopic shrinkage deformation.

 

JF - 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures CONCREEP 10 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - September 21–23, 2015, Vienna, AustriaReston, VA VL - CONCREEP 10: MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Solubility of Gases in Water Confined in Nanoporous Materials: ZSM-5, MCM-41, and MIL-100 JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2015 A1 - Linh Ngoc Ho A1 - Schuurman, Yves A1 - David Farrusseng A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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Oversolubility, which corresponds to large apparent gas solubilities in liquids confined in nanoporous solids, has been proposed as a means to develop novel adsorption, phase separation, or catalytic processes. We report a molecular simulation study to help design such hybrid adsorbents consisting of a solvent confined in host nanoporous materials. Water is selected as the confined solvent because of its ubiquity in industrial applications, while N2, CH4, and CO2 are selected as they allow probing the effect of specific molecular interaction and polarity. For each system, we consider a zeolite, an ordered mesoporous silica, and a metal–organic framework as the confining host as they present different morphologies, porosities, and surface chemistries. We show that oversolubility is always observed because the apparent solubility in these materials surpasses the bulk solubility. In all cases, oversolubility is an enhanced bulklike solubility in which solubility is favored in the regions of low water density formed by the layering of the solvent. Such an oversolubility mechanism, which arises from the fact that the gas–solid interactions are weaker than the solvent–solid interactions, leads to large uptakes as high as a few hundred times that expected from bulk solubility.

VL - 119 IS - 37 JO - J. Phys. Chem. C ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Springer Series in Materials ScienceMolecular Dynamics Simulations of Disordered MaterialsFirst-Principles Modeling of Binary Chalcogenides: Recent Accomplishments and New Achievements Y1 - 2015 A1 - Bouzid, A. A1 - Le Roux, S. A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Tugene, Christine A1 - Boero, M. A1 - Carlo Massobrio ED - Carlo Massobrio ED - Du, Jincheng ED - Bernasconi, Marco ED - Salmon, Philip S. AB -

This contribution is focussed on a set of first-principles molecular dynamics results obtained over the past fifteen years for disordered chalcogenides. In the first part, we sketch and review the historical premises underlying research efforts devoted to the understanding of structural properties in liquid and glassy GexSe1-x systems. We stress the importance of selecting well performing exchange-correlation functionals (within density functional theory) to achieve a correct description of short and intermediate range order. In the second part, we provide a specific, comparative example of structural analysis for chalcogenide GeX4 systems differing by the chemical identity of the X atom. We are able to demonstrate that the correct account of differences between the coordination environments of the two corresponding glasses requires system sizes substantially larger than similar to 100 atoms.

PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham VL - 215 SN - 978-3-319-15674-3 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-15675-0 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Springer Series in Materials ScienceMolecular Dynamics Simulations of Disordered MaterialsMolecular Modeling of Glassy Surfaces Y1 - 2015 A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Carlo Massobrio A1 - Bouzid, A. A1 - Benoit A. Coasne ED - Carlo Massobrio ED - Du, Jincheng ED - Bernasconi, Marco ED - Salmon, Philip S. AB -

Progress in computational materials science has allowed the development of realistic models for a wide range of materials including both crystalline and glassy solids. In recent years, with the growing interest in nanoparticles and porous materials, more attention has been devoted to the design of realistic models of glassy surfaces and finely divided materials. The structural disorder in glassy surfaces, however, poses a major challenge which consists of describing such surfaces using computer simulations. In this paper, we show how atomic-scale simulations can be used to develop and investigate the properties of glassy surfaces. We illustrate how both first principles calculations and classical molecular mechanics can be used to follow the trajectory at finite temperature of these systems, and obtain statistical thermodynamic averages to compare against available experiments. Both glassy oxide (silica) and non-oxide (chalcogenide) surfaces are considered.

PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham VL - 215 SN - 978-3-319-15674-3 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-15675-0 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and Dynamics of Ionic Liquids Confined in Amorphous Porous Chalcogenides JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2015 A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Carlo Massobrio A1 - Pradel, Annie A1 - Ribes, Michel A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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Besides the abundant literature on ionic liquids in porous silica and carbon, the confinement of such intriguing liquids in porous chalcogenides has received very little attention. Here, molecular simulation is employed to study the structural and dynamical properties of a typical ionic liquid confined in a realistic molecular model of amorphous chalcogenide with various pore sizes and surface chemistries. Using molecular dynamics in the isobaric–isothermal (NPT) ensemble, we consider confinement conditions relevant to real samples. Both the structure and self-dynamics of the confined phase are found to depend on the surface-to-volume ratio of the host confining material. Consequently, most properties of the confined ionic liquid can be written as a linear combination of surface and bulk-like contributions, arising from the ions in contact with the surface and the ions in the pore center, respectively. On the other hand, collective dynamical properties such as the ionic conductivity remain close to their bulk counterpart and almost insensitive to pore size and surface chemistry. These results, which are in fair agreement with available experimental data, provide a basis for the development of novel applications using hybrid organic–inorganic solids consisting of ionic liquids confined in porous chalcogenides.

VL - 31 IS - 24 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Subcontinuum mass transport of condensed hydrocarbons in nanoporous media. JF - Nat Commun Y1 - 2015 A1 - Kerstyn I. Falk A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

Although hydrocarbon production from unconventional reservoirs, the so-called shale gas, has exploded recently, reliable predictions of resource availability and extraction are missing because conventional tools fail to account for their ultra-low permeability and complexity. Here, we use molecular simulation and statistical mechanics to show that continuum description--Darcy's law--fails to predict transport in shales nanoporous matrix (kerogen). The non-Darcy behaviour arises from strong adsorption in kerogen and the breakdown of hydrodynamics at the nanoscale, which contradict the assumption of viscous flow. Despite this complexity, all permeances collapse on a master curve with an unexpected dependence on alkane length. We rationalize this non-hydrodynamic behaviour using a molecular description capturing the scaling of permeance with alkane length and density. These results, which stress the need for a change of paradigm from classical descriptions to nanofluidic transport, have implications for shale gas but more generally for transport in nanoporous media.

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VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Transient dynamics of a 2D granular pile JF - The European Physical Journal E Y1 - 2015 A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Krishna Kumar A1 - Kenichi Soga A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We investigate by means of Contact Dynamics simulations the transient dynamics of a 2D granular pile set into motion by applying shear velocity during a short time interval to all particles. The spreading dynamics is directly controlled by the input energy whereas in recent studies of column collapse the dynamics scales with the initial potential energy of the column. As in column collapse, we observe a power-law dependence of the runout distance with respect to the input energy with nontrivial exponents. This suggests that the power-law behavior is a generic feature of granular dynamics, and the values of the exponents reflect the distribution of kinetic energy inside the material. We observe two regimes with different values of the exponents: the low-energy regime reflects the destabilization of the pile by the impact with a runout time independent of the input energy whereas the high-energy regime is governed by the input energy. We show that the evolution of the pile in the high-energy regime can be described by a characteristic decay time and the available energy after the pile is destabilized.

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VL - 38 IS - 5 JO - Eur. Phys. J. E ER - TY - Generic T1 - Transient regime to fluidized chimney within a granular bed by means of a 2D DEM/LBM modeling T2 - IV International Conference on Particle-based Methods (PARTICLES 2015) Y1 - 2015 A1 - Jeff Ngoma A1 - Pierre Philippe A1 - Stéphane Bonelli A1 - Cuellar, Pablo A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Onate, E ED - Bischoff, M ED - Owen, DRJ KW - DEM KW - Fluidization KW - Granular Materials KW - LBM AB -

Beyond a given threshold, an upward fluid flow at constant flowrate, injected through a small size section, is able to generate a fluidization along a vertical chimney over the entire height of a granular assembly. Fluidization is first initiated in the immediate vicinity of the injection hole and then the fluidized zone grows gradually until reaching the upper surface of the granular packing. In this work, we present numerical results on the kinetics of chimney fluidization in an immersed granular bed produced with two-dimensional simulations coupling the Discrete Element and Lattice Boltzmann Methods (DEM-LBM). A parametric study is carried out with 11 different sets of physical parameters and analyzed based on spatio-temporal diagrams. Then a dimensional analysis allows finding general scaling laws for both threshold and growth rate of the fluidized zone by use of two dimensionless numbers, namely Reynolds and Archimedes numbers, while quite simple empirical relationships can also be proposed.

JF - IV International Conference on Particle-based Methods (PARTICLES 2015) PB - International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) CY - SEP 28-30 2015 Barcelona, SPAIN VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS IV-FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269325 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption and Dynamics in Hierarchical Metal-Organic Frameworks JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - François Villemot A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Adsorption and dynamics in hierarchical metal-organic frameworks are investigated by means of molecular simulation. The models of hierarchical porous solids are obtained by carving mesopores of different diameters out of a crystal of Cu-BTC (model A) or by inserting a microporous particle of Cu-BTC in an amorphous silica mesopore (model B). We show that the nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K for the solids corresponding to model A can be described as a linear combination of reference adsorption isotherms for pure microporous and mesoporous solids. In contrast, the adsorption isotherms for model B cannot be described accurately as a sum of reference microporous and mesoporous adsorption isotherms. The inserted particle acts as a constriction which helps nucleate the liquid phase within the mesopore so that no capillary condensation hysteresis is observed. The dynamics of nitrogen adsorbed at 77 K inside the porosity of the hierarchical solids is also investigated. The Fickian regime is reached at long times which are not attainable with molecular dynamics simulations. At higher temperature, the faster self-diffusion makes it possible to obtain the diffusivity of the adsorbate. Nitrogen adsorbed in the microporosity of the hierarchical porous solids has a self-diffusion coefficient close to that of nitrogen adsorbed in pure Cu-BTC. In contrast, diffusion in the mesoporosity is faster than in the microporosity so that the overall diffusivity is faster than in pure Cu-BTC.

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VL - 118 IS - 14 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption of carbon dioxide-methane mixtures in porous carbons: effect of surface chemistry JF - Adsorption-Journal fo the International Adsorption Society Y1 - 2014 A1 - Pierre Billemont A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Guy De Weireld KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Methane KW - Mixtures KW - Porous carbons AB -

A combined experimental and molecular simulation study of the coadsorption of CO2 and CH4 in porous carbons is reported. We address the effect of surface chemistry by considering a numerical model of disordered porous carbons which has been modified to include heterochemistry (with a chemical composition consistent with that of the experimental sample). We discuss how realistic the numerical sample is by comparing its pore size distribution (PSD), specific surface area, porous volume, and porosity with those for the experimental sample. We also discuss the different criteria used to estimate the latter properties from a geometrical analysis. We demonstrate the ability of the MP method to estimate PSD of porous carbons from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Both the experimental and simulated coadsorption isotherms resemble those obtained for pure gases (type I in the IUPAC classification). On the other hand, only the porous carbon including the heterogroups allows simulating quantitatively the selectivity of the experimental adsorbent for different carbon dioxide/methane mixtures. This result shows that taking into account the heterochemistry present in porous carbons is crucial to represent correctly adsorption selectivities in such hydrophobic samples. We also show that the adsorbed solution theory describes quantitatively the simulated and experimental coadsorption isotherms without any parameter adjustment.

VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption-based characterization of hierarchical metal–organic frameworks JF - Adsorption Y1 - 2014 A1 - François Villemot A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Benoit A. Coasne KW - Adsorption KW - Hierarchical porous materials KW - Molecular simulation KW - t-Plot AB -

Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K on metal–organic framework (MOF) is investigated by means of molecular simulations. We consider both regular Cu–BTC crystal and a MOF-based hierarchical porous solid consisting of a mesopore carved out of a Cu–BTC crystal. The t-plot method is applied to these solids by using a non-porous Cu–BTC surface as the reference sample. The values of the mesoporous and external surface areas are determined from the t-plot, and the validity of the method for this type of hierarchical solid is discussed.

VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Anomalous composition-dependent dynamics of nanoconfined water in the interlayer of disordered calcium-silicates JF - Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

With shear interest in nanoporous materials, the ultraconfining interlayer spacing of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) provides an excellent medium to study reactivity, structure, and dynamic properties of water. In this paper, we present how substrate composition affects chemo-physical properties of water in ultraconfined hydrophilic media. This is achieved by performing molecular dynamics simulation on a set of 150 realistic models with different compositions of calcium and silicon contents. It is demonstrated that the substrate chemistry directly affects the structural properties of water molecules. The motion of confined water shows a multi-stage dynamics which is characteristic of supercooled liquids and glassy phases. Inhomogeneity in that dynamics is used to differentiate between mobile and immobile water molecules. Furthermore, it is shown that the mobility of water molecules is composition-dependent. Similar to the pressure-driven self-diffusivity anomaly observed in bulk water, we report the first study on composition-driven diffusion anomaly, the self diffusivity increases with increasing confined water density in C-S-H. Such anomalous behavior is explained by the decrease in the typical activation energy required for a water molecule to escape its dynamical cage. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

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VL - 140 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An artificial primitive mimic of the Gramicidin-A channel JF - Nature Communications Y1 - 2014 A1 - Barboiu, Mihail A1 - Le Duc, Yann A1 - Gilles, Arnaud A1 - Pierre-Andre Cazade A1 - Michau, Mathieu A1 - Yves-Marie Legrand A1 - Arie Van Der Lee A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Parvizi, Paria A1 - Post, Joshua A1 - Fyles, Thomas AB -

Gramicidin A (gA) is the simplest known natural channel, and important progress in improving conduction activity has previously been obtained with modified natural gAs. However, simple artificial systems mimicking the gA functions are unknown. Here we show that gA can be mimicked using a simple synthetic triazole or `T-channel' forming compound (TCT), having similar constitutional functions as the natural gAs. As in gA channels, the carbonyl moieties of the TCT, which point toward the T-channel core and surround the transport direction, are solvated by water. The net-dipolar alignment of water molecules along the chiral pore surfaces influences the conduction of protons/ions, envisioned to diffuse along dipolar hydrophilic pathways. Theoretical simulations and experimental assays reveal that the conduction through the T-channel, similar to that in gA, presents proton/water conduction, cation/anion selectivity and large open channel-conductance states. T-channels-associating supramolecular chirality with dipolar water alignment-represent an artificial primitive mimic of gA.

Molecular structures and crystal packing.

Molecular simulations of water molecules and ions confined within T-channel.

Bilayer membrane transport experiments.

Single channel conductance of T-channels under ‘early stage’ conductance records.

VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Atomic-scale modelling of elastic and failure properties of clays JF - Molecular Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - György Hantal A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Benoit A. Coasne KW - clay KW - elastic properties KW - fracture KW - reactive molecular simulation AB -

The elastic and failure properties of a typical clay, illite, are investigated using molecular simulation. We employ a reactive (ReaxFF) and a non-reactive (ClayFF) force field to assess the elastic properties of the clay. As far as failure is concerned, ReaxFF was used throughout the study; however, some calculations were also performed with ClayFF. A crack parallel to the clay layers is found to have low fracture resistance when submitted to a tensile loading perpendicular to the crack. The mechanism of both yield and fracture failures is decohesion in the interlayer space. In contrast, under shear loading, the nanoscale failure mechanism is a stick-slip between clay layers. No fracture propagation is observed as the clay layers slide on top of each other. The low fracture resistance in mode I and the stick-slip failure in mode II are both the consequence of the lack of chemical bonds between clay layers where the cohesion is provided by non-covalent interactions. This work, which provides a description of the failure of clays at the microscopic scale, is the first step towards describing the failure of clays at a larger scale where the polycrystalline distribution of clay grains must be taken into account.

VL - 112 IS - 9-10 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An atomistic modeling of the xenon bubble behavior in the UO2 matrix JF - Journal of Nuclear Materials Y1 - 2014 A1 - Andrei Jelea A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - F. Ribeiro AB -

The behavior of the xenon nanoinclusions/bubbles in the uranium dioxide (UO2) matrix and their influence on its swelling were investigated through atomistic simulation techniques. The pressure in bubbles of less than 2 nm in diameter, calculated using a virial equation that takes into account the xenon/matrix interactions, is larger than the pressure calculated in simulations of the equivalent density and temperature of super critical bulk xenon. The radial distribution function of confined xenon is characteristic of a dense (ρ > 4 g/cm3) glassy phase. The swelling of the UO2 induced by the intragranular bubbles is proportional to the Xe/U ratio but independent of the temperature.

The UO2 elementary cell. It contains 4 uranium atoms (large spheres) forming a ...

Comparison between the density versus pressure ρ(P) curves calculated at 298K ...

Comparison between the bulk modulus versus pressure K(P) curves calculated at ...

VL - 444 IS - 1-3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Casimir-Polder interaction for gently curved surfaces JF - Physical Review D Y1 - 2014 A1 - Bimonte, Giuseppe A1 - Emig, Thorsten A1 - Kardar, Mehran AB -

We use a derivative expansion for gently curved surfaces to compute the leading and the next-to-leading curvature corrections to the Casimir-Polder interaction between a polarizable small particle and a nonplanar surface. While our methods apply to any homogeneous and isotropic surface, explicit results are presented here for perfect conductors. We show that the derivative expansion of the Casimir-Polder potential follows from a resummation of its perturbative series, for small in-plane momenta. We consider the retarded, nonretarded and classical high-temperature limits.

VL - 90 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chemoelastic Fracture Mechanics Model for Cement Sheath Integrity JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Ardakani, Sina Moeini A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

A linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model for the engineering fracture design of cement sheath integrity at early ages in oil and gas well applications is proposed. The model considers the specific worst-case scenario of a single radial crack and estimates the energy release rate (stress intensity factor) that potentially develops in a cement sheath as a result of the buildup of eigenstresses at early ages, considering the loss of axisymmetry. Specifically, the model involves a two-step solution procedure: a chemoelastic stress solver and a LEFM solver using an Airy-stress function approach together with the method of complex variables. For the first, an appropriate constitutive model for cement slurries at early ages is required as a backbone for chemoelastic stress development. Second, the LEFM solver uses the stresses to estimate the energy release rate and the stress intensity, and thus provide a means to evaluate the driving force of fracture propagation and the fracture risk as a function of the degree of hydration. The functional relationships thus established between the LEFM quantities and the degree of the chemical reaction are expected to become an indispensable tool in safely designing well cements for operation under extreme bore hole conditions.

VL - 140 IS - 4 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Combinatorial molecular optimization of cement hydrates JF - Nat Commun Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Stewart, K.L. A1 - Rouzbeh Shahsavari A1 - Jagannathan, D. A1 - Brommer, D.B. A1 - Alain Baronnet A1 - Markus J Buehler A1 - Sidney Yip A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Krystyn J. Van Vliet A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Despite its ubiquitous presence in the built environment, concreteâ€$(1s (Bmolecular-level properties are only recently being explored using experimental and simulation studies. Increasing societal concerns about concreteâ€$(1s (Benvironmental footprint have provided strong motivation to develop new concrete with greater specific stiffness or strength (for structures with less material). Herein, a combinatorial approach is described to optimize properties of cement hydrates. The method entails screening a computationally generated database of atomic structures of calcium-silicate-hydrate, the binding phase of concrete, against a set of three defect attributes: calcium-to-silicon ratio as compositional index and two correlation distances describing medium-range silicon-oxygen and calcium-oxygen environments. Although structural and mechanical properties correlate well with calcium-to-silicon ratio, the cross-correlation between all three defect attributes reveals an indentation modulus-to-hardness ratio extremum, analogous to identifying optimum network connectivity in glass rheology. We also comment on implications of the present findings for a novel route to optimize the nanoscale mechanical properties of cement hydrate.

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VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Controlling local packing and growth in calcium-silicate-hydrate gels JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2014 A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Emanuela Del Gado AB -

We investigate the development of gels under out-of-equilibrium conditions, such as calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gels that form during cement hydration and are the major factor responsible for cement mechanical strength. We propose a new model and numerical approach to follow the gel formation upon precipitation and aggregation of nano-scale colloidal hydrates, whose effective interactions are consistent with forces measured in experiments at fixed lime concentrations. We use Grand Canonical Monte Carlo to mimic precipitation events during Molecular Dynamics simulations, with their rate corresponding to the hydrate production rate set by the chemical environment. Our results display hydrate precipitation curves that indeed reproduce the acceleration and deceleration regime typically observed in experiments and we are able to correctly capture the effect of lime concentration on the hydration kinetics and the gel morphology. Our analysis of the evolution of the gel morphology indicates that the acceleration is related to the formation of an optimal local crystalline packing that allows for large, elongated aggregates to grow and that is controlled by the underlying thermodynamics. The defects produced during precipitation favor branching and gelation that end up controlling the deceleration. The effects on the mechanical properties of C–S–H gels are also discussed.

 

Graphical abstract: Controlling local packing and growth in calcium–silicate–hydrate gels
VL - 10 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Density functional approach for the magnetism of JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2014 A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - Guillaume Radtke AB -

Density functional calculations have been carried out to investigate the microscopic origin of the magnetic properties of β-TeVO4. Two different approaches, based either on a perturbative treatment of the multiorbital Hubbard model in the strongly correlated limit or on the calculation of supercell total energy differences, have been employed to evaluate magnetic couplings in this compound. The picture provided by these two approaches is that of weakly coupled frustrated chains with ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor and antiferromagnetic second-nearest-neighbor couplings. These results, differing substantially from previous reports, should motivate further experimental investigations of the magnetic properties of this compound.

VL - 89 UR - https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.104414 IS - 10 JO - Phys. Rev. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A density functional approach of the magnetism of b-TeVO4 JF - Phys. Rev. B. Y1 - 2014 A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - Guillaume Radtke AB -

Density functional calculations have been carried out to investigate the microscopic origin of the magnetic properties of
β-TeVO4. Two different approaches, based either on a perturbative treatment of the multiorbital Hubbard model in the strongly correlated limit or on the calculation of supercell total energy differences, have been employed to evaluate magnetic couplings in this compound. The picture provided by these two approaches is that of weakly coupled frustrated chains with ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor and antiferromagnetic second-nearest-neighbor couplings. These results, differing substantially from previous reports, should motivate further experimental investigations of the magnetic properties of this compound.

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VL - 89 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Discussion: Strength-to-fracture scaling in scratching JF - Engineering Fracture Mechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Zdeněk P Bažant AB -

In their paper, Lin and Zhou (2013) add a new dimension to the scratch test analysis, challenging the applicability of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to scratch tests. The question raised is how to integrate the three-dimensionality of scratch tests into the energetic Size Effect Law (SEL) formulated by Bažant for quasi-brittle materials. We show that Lin and Zhou’s analysis, although relevant is incomplete, as it neglects the blade width, which is critical for the fracture property assessment. In return, if the blade width is properly taken into account, the SEL here proposed is a formidable means to ascertain the fracture toughness from scratching.

Fig. 1. Description of macroscopic scratch tests

Fig. 2. Influence of cutter width w on the intrinsic specific energy ε and the…

Fig. 3. Strength scaling of scratch tests for different geometries (straight vs

Fig. 4. (a) Presence of a horizontal propagating crack during scratch testing…

Fig. 5. Application of Bažant’s Size Effect Law to scratch tests for different…

VL - 119 JO - Engineering Fracture Mechanics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Docking 90 Sr radionuclide in cement: An atomistic modeling study JF - Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Youssef, Mostafa A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Bilge Yildiz AB -

Cementitious materials are considered to be a waste form for the ultimate disposal of radioactive materials in geological repositories. We investigated by means of atomistic simulations the encapsulation of strontium-90, an important radionuclide, in calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) and its crystalline analog, the 9 Å-tobermorite. C–S–H is the major binding phase of cement. Strontium was shown to energetically favor substituting calcium in the interlayer sites in C–S–H and 9 Å-tobermorite with the trend more pronounced in the latter. The integrity of the silicate chains in both cementitious waste forms were not affected by strontium substitution within the time span of molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, we observed a limited degradation of the mechanical properties in the strontium-containing cementitious waste form with the increasing strontium concentration. These results suggest the cement hydrate as a good candidate for immobilizing radioactive strontium.

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VL - 70–71 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Docking Sr-90 radionuclide in cement: An atomistic modeling study JF - Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Y1 - 2014 A1 - Youssef, Mostafa A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Bilge Yildiz KW - Cement KW - mechanical properties KW - Molecular simulation KW - Nuclear waste storage AB -

Cementitious materials are considered to be a waste form for the ultimate disposal of radioactive materials in geological repositories. We investigated by means of atomistic simulations the encapsulation of strontium-90, an important radionuclide, in calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and its crystalline analog, the 9 angstrom-tobermorite. C-S-H is the major binding phase of cement. Strontium was shown to energetically favor substituting calcium in the interlayer sites in C-S-H and 9 angstrom-tobermorite with the trend more pronounced in the latter. The integrity of the silicate chains in both cementitious waste forms were not affected by strontium substitution within the time span of molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, we observed a limited degradation of the mechanical properties in the strontium-containing cementitious waste form with the increasing strontium concentration. These results suggest the cement hydrate as a good candidate for immobilizing radioactive strontium. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

VL - 70-71 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Gas Adsorption on Acoustic Wave Propagation in MFI Zeolite Membrane Materials: Experiment and Molecular Simulation JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2014 A1 - Manga, Etoungh D. A1 - Blasco, Hugues A1 - J. Philippe Da-Costa A1 - Drobek, Martin A1 - Ayral, Andre A1 - Le Clezio, Emmanuel A1 - Despaux, Gilles A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Julbe, Anne AB -
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The present study reports on the development of a characterization method of porous membrane materials which consists of considering their acoustic properties upon gas adsorption. Using acoustic microscopy experiments and atomistic molecular simulations for helium adsorbed in a silicalite-1 zeolite membrane layer, we showed that acoustic wave propagation could be used, in principle, for controlling the membranes operando. Molecular simulations, which were found to fit experimental data, showed that the compressional modulus of the composite system consisting of silicalite-1 with adsorbed He increases linearly with the He adsorbed amount while its shear modulus remains constant in a large range of applied pressures. These results suggest that the longitudinal and Rayleigh wave velocities (VL and VR) depend on the He adsorbed amount whereas the transverse wave velocity VT remains constant.

VL - 30 IS - 34 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of size polydispersity versus particle shape in dense granular media JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2014 A1 - Duc-Hanh Nguyen A1 - éma, Emilien A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Philippe Sornay AB -

We present a detailed analysis of the morphology of granular systems composed of frictionless pentagonal particles by varying systematically both the size span and particle shape irregularity, which represent two polydispersity parameters of the system. The microstructure is characterized in terms of various statistical descriptors such as global and local packing fractions, radial distribution functions, coordination number, and fraction of floating particles. We find that the packing fraction increases with the two parameters of polydispersity, but the effect of shape polydispersity for all the investigated structural properties is significant only at low size polydispersity where the positional and/or orientational ordering of the particles prevail. We focus in more detail on the class of side/side contacts, which is the interesting feature of our system as compared to a packing of disks. We show that the proportion of such contacts has weak dependence on the polydispersity parameters. The side- side contacts do not percolate but they define clusters of increasing size as a function of size polydispersity and decreasing size as a function of shape polydispersity. The clusters have anisotropic shapes but with a decreasing aspect ratio as polydispersity increases. This feature is argued to be a consequence of strong force chains (forces above the mean), which are mainly captured by side-side contacts. Finally, the force transmission is intrinsically multiscale, with a mean force increasing linearly with particle size.

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VL - 90 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of temperature on adsorption of mixtures in porous materials JF - Molecular Simulation Y1 - 2014 A1 - Kerstyn I. Falk A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq KW - Adsorption KW - grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations KW - Mixtures KW - porous materials AB -

The effect of temperature on the adsorption of a simple mixture (Ar/Kr) in disordered porous materials is investigated by means of molecular simulation. In the larger mesopores of porous silica glasses, capillary condensation occurs upon decreasing the temperature. At temperatures above the capillary condensation temperature, Kr is preferentially adsorbed at the pore surface and Ar adsorption occurs in regions of low Kr density. For temperatures below the capillary condensation temperature, Ar density surprisingly increases as temperature increases, the behaviour that is consistent with an over-solubility effect. In contrast, in the disordered sub-nanoporous carbon, filling of the pores occurs in a reversible and continuous way upon decreasing the temperature, owing to the small size and amorphous shape of the pores. These results show that the crossover between capillary condensation and continuous reversible filling observed for pure fluids in pores also exists for mixtures. We also show that the Kr selectivity exhibits a minimum in the disordered porous silica that is located at the capillary condensation temperature. In contrast, in the disordered porous carbon where no capillary condensation occurs, the selectivity decreases monotonically with increasing the temperature. These results shed light on low-temperature adsorption of mixtures confined in porous materials and provide a guide to design efficient phase separation processes.

VL - 40 IS - 1-3 Special Issue: SI ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Elastic Properties of Swelling Clay Particles at Finite Temperature upon Hydration JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -
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The knowledge of mechanical properties of swelling clays on the scale of the clay layer is of crucial importance to build predictive hydromechanical macroscopic constitutive laws in a bottom-up approach. In this work, we computed the elastic properties of particles of a swelling clay (i.e., montmorillonite) by molecular dynamics simulations. Because of the softness of the material in the direction orthogonal to the clay layer with increasing water content, the computation of the whole stiffness tensor was not trivial: we needed to implement the elastic bath method,1 which allows us to attenuate thermal strains and compute the stiffness via strain fluctuations in isothermal–isobaric simulations. We investigated the effect of water content, temperature, and the interlayer cation on the elastic properties of swelling clays. In particular, we showed that the out-of-plane stiffness coefficients computed at 300 K differed significantly from the same coefficients computed at 0 K. The out-of-plane coefficients were very sensitive to both temperature and water content. In contrast, the dependence of the in-plane coefficients to temperature was slight. Moreover, the decrease of the in-plane coefficients with water content could be entirely explained by the change of geometry of the system due to the swelling of the interlayer space. The interlayer cation impacted the elastic properties of montmorillonite only in the driest states.

VL - 118 IS - 17 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Enhanced H-2 Uptake of n-Alkanes Confined in Mesoporous Materials JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Stéphanie Clauzier A1 - Linh Ngoc Ho A1 - Pera-Titus, M. A1 - David Farrusseng A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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The hydrogen uptake in hybrid sorbents consisting of n-alkane solvents confined in mesoporous silica aerogel is measured at different temperatures from 273 to 313 K and pressures up to 40 bar. An apparent “oversolubility” effect is observed as the H2 uptake in the hybrid sorbents is much larger than that in bulk solvents. The H2 uptake in the hybrid sorbents is found to increase with increasing temperature, which suggests that the flexibility and conformation of n-alkane molecules confined in the aerogel play a crucial role; high-entropy (disordered) alkane configurations lead to the creation of numerous cavities which make it possible to solubilize a larger number of H2 molecules. This departs from adsorption-driven solubility effects for which the number of solubilized molecules decreases with increasing temperature. For a given temperature and pressure, it is found that the number of solubilized H2 molecules per unit volume increases with decreasing alkane chain length. Such an effect, which is observed for both the bulk alkanes and the alkanes confined in the silica aerogel, can be rationalized by considering the number density of CHx (x = 2 or 3) groups; for a given temperature, the latter number density decreases with decreasing alkane chain length so that the free volume available to solubilize H2 molecules increases.

VL - 118 IS - 20 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Erratum to “Static states of cohesive granular media” JF - Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Y1 - 2014 A1 - Preechawuttipong, I. A1 - Peyroux, R. A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Rangsri, W. AB -

vol 21, pg 1957, 2007

This paper investigates the influence of cohesion on the behavior of 2D granular media simulated by using a molecular dynamics method, involving a simple contact law with adhesion. The study considers an adhesion index which is non intrinsic but significant for interpreting the mechanical effects of applied pressure. A static state system of 4000 particles is numerically simulated by oedometrical compression under a constant force, without gravity. The results show how the geometrical texture and the network of contact forces change according to the level of adhesion. This effect is explained essentially in term of the increase in the number of the tensile contacts and by the development of the internal self-stress structure. As in the case of non cohesive granular media, a high spatial heterogeneity of the contact forces is observed.

VL - 28 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Flügge’s Conjecture: Dissipation- versus Deflection-Induced Pavement–Vehicle Interactions JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The dissipation occurring below a moving tire in steady-state conditions in contact with a viscoelastic pavement is expressed using two different reference frames: a fixed observer attached to the pavement and a moving observer attached to the pavement–tire contact surface. The first approach is commonly referred to as dissipation-induced pavement–vehicle interaction (PVI), the second as deflection-induced PVI. Based on the principle of frame independence, it is shown that both approaches are strictly equal, from a thermodynamic point of view, and thus predict the same amount of dissipated energy. This equivalence is illustrated through application to two pavement systems: a viscoelastic beam and a viscoelastic plate both resting on an elastic foundation. The amount of dissipated energy in the pavement structure needs to be supplied by the vehicle to maintain constant speed, thus contributing to the rolling resistance, associated excess fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The model here proposed can be used to quantify the dissipated energy and contribute to the development of engineering methods for the sustainable design of pavements.

VL - 140 IS - 8 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Geomechanics from Micro to MacroInteraction between two localized fluidization cavities in granular media : Experiments and numerical simulation T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2014 A1 - Jeff Ngoma A1 - Pierre Philippe A1 - Stéphane Bonelli A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin ED - Kuo, Matthew AB -

In this work, we present experimental and numerical results on the interaction between two localized fluidization cavities in an immersed granular packing. According to the gap between the two locally injected upward fluid flows, each fluidized cavity will evolve independently of the another, or conversely, the two cavities can interact with each other: they merge and eventually behave like a single cavity. Combined optical techniques are used for visualization of particle motion inside the granular media (Refractive Index-Matching between liquid and beads and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence), the experimental results are compared to a two-dimensional simulation based on coupled Discrete Element and Lattice Boltzmann Methods (DEM-LBM).

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro SN - 978-1-138-02707-7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An improved technique for characterizing the fracture toughness via scratch test experiments JF - Wear Y1 - 2014 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The scratch test consists in pushing a tool across the surface of a weaker material at a given penetration depth; and it has several applications in Science and Engineering including strength testing of rocks and ceramics, damage of polymers and metals and quality control of thin films and coatings. Despite numerous attempts in the scientific literature, the application of scratch tests to the characterization of fracture properties remains a challenge and a heavily controversial topic. Therefore, this investigation aims at articulating a rigorous theoretical and experimental framework in order to assess the fracture toughness at both the macroscopic and the microscopic length scales, using scratch tests. First, we apply optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the physical evidence of crack initiation, crack propagation and material removal mechanisms during scratch tests. Then, we employ Finite Element simulations of crack growth during macroscopic scratch tests to assess the influence of the blade back-rake angle, the friction coefficient between the blade and the material and the wear flat of the blade on the scratching forces, thus testing the robustness of our Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics scratch model. Finally, at the microscopic scale, a meticulous scratch probe calibration procedure is described to improve the accuracy of the fracture properties determination by addressing important issues such as moisture content, specimen surface cleanliness and choice of reference material. In summary, we bring forward a robust, convenient and accurate method that is applied to polymers, ceramics and metals and can be further applied to the multi-scale study of fracture processes in complex and challenging materials such as gas shale, cement paste and cortical bone.

Fig.1. (color online) (a) Macroscopic scratch tests experiments on paraffin wax with a…

Fig.2. (color online) Fracture processes in scratch tests at both the macroscopic and…

Fig.3. (color online) (a) Numerical Scratch Fracture model: 0≤θ≤20° is the blade…

Fig.4. (color online) (a) Ratio of the stress intensity factor in mode II (in-plane…

Fig.5. (color online) Wear flat configuration: the interface between the blade and the…

Fig.6. (color online) Example of damage to the scratch probe as a result of misuse or…

VL - 313 IS - 1-2 JO - Wear ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Initiation of immersed granular avalanches JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2014 A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Kenichi Soga A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of coupled molecular dynamics-computational fluid dynamics simulations, we analyze the initiation of avalanches in a granular bed of spherical particles immersed in a viscous fluid and inclined above its angle of repose. In quantitative agreement with experiments, we find that the bed is unstable for a packing fraction below 0.59 but is stabilized above this packing fraction by negative excess pore pressure induced by the effect of dilatancy. From detailed numerical data, we explore the time evolution of shear strain, packing fraction, excess pore pressures, and granular microstructure in this creeplike pressure redistribution regime, and we show that they scale excellently with a characteristic time extracted from a model based on the balance of granular stresses in the presence of a negative excess pressure and its interplay with dilatancy. The cumulative shear strain at failure is found to be ≃ 0.2, in close agreement with the experiments, irrespective of the initial packing fraction and inclination angle. Remarkably, the avalanche is triggered when dilatancy vanishes instantly as a result of fluctuations while the average dilatancy is still positive (expanding bed) with a packing fraction that declines with the initial packing fraction. Another nontrivial feature of this creeplike regime is that, in contrast to dry granular materials, the internal friction angle of the bed at failure is independent of dilatancy but depends on the inclination angle, leading therefore to a nonlinear dependence of the excess pore pressure on the inclination angle. We show that this behavior may be described in terms of the contact network anisotropy, which increases with a nearly constant connectivity and levels off at a value (critical state) that increases with the inclination angle. These features suggest that the behavior of immersed granular materials is controlled not only directly by hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles but also by the influence of the fluid on the granular microstructure.

VL - 89 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Internal Structure of Inertial Granular Flows JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2014 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

We analyze inertial granular flows and show that, for all values of the inertial number I, the effective friction coefficient μ arises from three different parameters pertaining to the contact network and force transmission: (1) contact anisotropy, (2) force chain anisotropy, and (3) friction mobilization. Our extensive 3D numerical simulations reveal that μ increases with I mainly due to an increasing contact anisotropy and partially by friction mobilization whereas the anisotropy of force chains declines as a result of the destabilizing effect of particle inertia. The contact network undergoes topological transitions, and beyond I0.1 the force chains break into clusters immersed in a background “soup” of floating particles. We show that this transition coincides with the divergence of the size of fluidized zones characterized from the local environments of floating particles and a slower increase of μ with I.

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VL - 112 IS - 7 JO - Phys. Rev. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ionic liquid confined in silica nanopores: molecular dynamics in the isobaric-isothermal ensemble JF - Molecular Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Guido Ori A1 - François Villemot A1 - Lydie Viau A1 - Andre Vioux A1 - Benoit A. Coasne KW - amorphous silica KW - ionic liquids KW - molecular dynamics KW - surface AB -

Molecular dynamics simulations in the isobaric-isothermal ensemble are used to investigate the structure and dynamics of an ionic liquid confined at ambient temperature and pressure in hydroxylated amorphous silica nanopores. The use of the isobaric-isothermal ensemble allows estimating the effect of confinement and surface chemistry on the density of the confined ionic liquid. The structure of the confined ionic liquid is investigated using density profiles and structural order parameters while its dynamics is assessed by determining the mobility and ionic conductivity of the confined phase. Despite the important screening of the electrostatic interactions (owing to the small Debye length in ionic liquids), the local structure of the confined ionic liquid is found to be mostly driven by electrostatic interactions. We show that both the structure and dynamics of the confined ionic liquid can be described as the sum of a surface contribution arising from the ions in contact with the surface and a bulk-like contribution arising from the ions located in the pore centre; as a result, most properties of the confined ionic liquid are a simple function of the surface-to-volume ratio of the host porous material. In contrast, the ionic conductivity of the confined ionic liquid, which is a collective dynamical property, is found to be similar to the bulk. This study sheds light on the complex behaviour of hybrid materials made up of ionic liquid confined in inorganic porous materials.

VL - 112 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Irwin׳s conjecture: Crack shape adaptability in transversely isotropic solids JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2014 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The planar crack propagation problem of a flat elliptical crack embedded in a brittle elastic anisotropic solid is investigated. We introduce the concept of crack shape adaptability: the ability of three-dimensional planar cracks to shape with the mechanical properties of a cracked body. A criterion based on the principle of maximum dissipation is suggested in order to determine the most stable elliptical shape. This criterion is applied to the specific case of vertical cracks in transversely isotropic solids. It is shown that contrary to the isotropic case, the circular shape (i.e. penny-shaped cracks) is not the most stable one. Upon propagation, the crack first grows non-self-similarly before it reaches a stable shape. This stable shape can be approximated by an ellipse of an aspect ratio that varies with the degree of elastic anisotropy. By way of example, we apply the so-derived crack shape adaptability criterion to shale materials. For this class of materials it is shown that once the stable shape is reached, the crack propagates at a higher rate in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. We also comment on the possible implications of these findings for hydraulic fracturing operations.

Fig.1. Top view of an elliptical crack (en, et and eb are the unit vectors normal to…

Fig.2. Definition of the θ angle for a penny-shaped crack

Fig.3. Definition of the α-angle for an elliptical vertical crack (θ=π/2)

Fig.4. Zoom at the crack tip (vertical crack)

Fig.5. Comparison of the H(ϕ)/H2 obtained numerically – solid line – and its…

Fig.6. Comparison of the H(ϕ)/H2 obtained numerically – solid line – and its…

VL - 68 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - Generic T1 - Lattice Boltzmann modeling of liquid clusters in granular media T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2014 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin ED - Kuo, Matthew AB -

We use capillary condensation simulated by a multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model as a means to generate homogeneous distributions of liquid clusters in 2D granular media. Liquid droplets condense from the vapor phase between and on the grains, and they transform into capillary bonds and liquid clusters as thermodynamic equilibrium is approached. As the amount of condensed liquid is increased, liquid clusters of increasing connectivity are formed and the distribution of liquid undergoes topological transitions until the whole pore space is filled by the liquid. We investigate the cluster statistics and local grain environments. From extensive simulations, we also obtain the mean Laplace pressure as a function of the amount of liquid, which is found to be quite similar to the well-known experimental retention curve in soil mechanics.

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro SN - 978-1-138-02707-7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Magnetic interactions in 3d metal chains on Cu2X/Cu(001) (X = N, O): Comparison with corresponding unsupported chains JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2014 A1 - Urdaniz, M. C. A1 - Barral, M. A. A1 - Llois, A. M. A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

In this work we present a systematic study of the magnetic interactions within 3d transition-metal chains adsorbed on Cu2N and Cu2O monolayers grown on Cu(001). We are interested in the particular geometric adsorption configuration which gives rise, after relaxation, to the development of diatomic TM-X (X = N, O) chains. By using density functional theory (DFT), we calculate the energy difference between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic intrachain configurations for Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co. Both substrates give rise, with minor differences, to the same magnetic trends, the only chains which are ferromagnetic after adsorption are Cr chains. By performing similar calculations in unsupported chains and introducing a tight-binding-model Hamiltonian based on physically reasonable assumptions we reproduce the magnetic trends obtained from the DFT calculations.

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VL - 90 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mesoscale properties of clay aggregates from potential of mean force representation of interactions between nanoplatelets JF - Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Andrew J. Whittle A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Face-to-face and edge-to-edge free energy interactions of Wyoming Na-montmorillonite platelets were studied by calculating potential of mean force along their center to center reaction coordinate using explicit solvent (i.e., water) molecular dynamics and free energy perturbation methods. Using a series of configurations, the Gay-Berne potential was parametrized and used to examine the mesoscale aggregation and properties of platelets that are initially random oriented under isothermal-isobaric conditions. Aggregates of clay were defined by geometrical analysis of face-to-face proximity of platelets with size distribution described by a log-normal function. The isotropy of the microstructure was assessed by computing a scalar order parameter. The number of platelets per aggregate and anisotropy of the microstructure both increases with platelet plan area. The system becomes more ordered and aggregate size increases with increasing pressure until maximum ordered state at confining pressure of 50 atm. Further increase of pressure slides platelets relative to each other leading to smaller aggregate size. The results show aggregate size of (3-8) platelets for sodium-smectite in agreement with experiments (3-10). The geometrical arrangement of aggregates affects mechanical properties of the system. The elastic properties of the meso-scale aggregate assembly are reported and compared with nanoindentation experiments. It is found that the elastic properties at this scale are close to the cubic systems. The elastic stiffness and anisotropy of the assembly increases with the size of the platelets and the level of external pressure. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

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VL - 140 IS - 15 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Mesoscale simulation of clay aggregate formation and mechanical properties T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2014 A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Andrew J. Whittle ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin AB -

This paper proposes a novel methodology for understanding the meso-scale aggregation of clay platelets in water. We use Molecular Dynamics simulations using the CLAYFF force fields to represent the interactions between two layers of Wyoming montmorillonite (Na-smectite) in bulk water. The analyses are used to establish the potential of mean force at different spacings between the layers for edge-to-edge and face-to-face interactions. This is accomplished by finding the change in free energy as a function of the separation distance between the platelets using thermodynamic perturbation theory with a simple overlap sampling method. These nanoscale results are then used to calibrate the Gay–Berne (GB) potential that represents each platelet as a single-site ellipsoidal body. A coarse-graining upscaling approach then uses the GB potentials and molecular dynamics to represent the meso-scale aggregation of clay platelets (at submicron length scale). Results from meso-scale simulations obtain the equilibrium/jamming configurations for mono-disperse clay platelets. The results show aggregation for a range of clay platelets dimensions and pressures with mean stack size ranging from 3 to 8 platelets. The particle assemblies become more ordered and exhibit more pronounced elastic anisotropy at higher confining pressures. The results are in good agreement with previously measured nano-indentation moduli over a wide range of clay packing densities.

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro CY - SEP 01-03 2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro: Granular Matter IS - 3 JO - Granular Matter ER - TY - Generic T1 - Modelling cement at fundamental scales: From atoms to engineering strength and durability T2 - Euro-C Conference Y1 - 2014 A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Hamlin M. Jennings A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Sidney Yip ED - Bicanic, N ED - Mang, H ED - Meschke, G ED - DeBorst, R AB -

The mechanics and rheology of cement pastes are largely determined by the Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which is normally the main binding phase. The C-S-H gel is an amorphous material with a nanoscale pore network. Here we consider a model structure of the gel, where a continuous molecular model of non-porous C-S-H is combined with a colloidal model that incorporates the porosity of the gel. Numerical simulations predict mechanical properties and microscopic processes associated with yielding under shear. The proposed model can now be used to extract further properties and to contribute to a broader effort aimed at describing and engineering the multi-scale structure and mechanical behaviour of the cement paste. We finally discuss the opportunities offered by our model with respect to the scientific and technological challenges of modelling and controlling ageing and creep over long time scales.

JF - Euro-C Conference PB - CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group CY - MAR 24-27, 2014, St Anton am Alberg, AUSTRIA VL - COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES, VOL 1 SN - 978-1-138-02641-4; 978-1-315-76203-6 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Modelling soft-particle materials T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2014 A1 - Saeid Nezamabadi A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Julien Averseng ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin AB -

Soft-particle materials include colloidal pastes, vesicles, many powders, microgels and suspensions. They share the common feature of being composed of particles that can undergo large deformations without rupture. For the simulation of such materials, we present a modelling approach based on an implicit formulation of the Material Point Method (MPM) interfaced with the Contact Dynamics (CD) method for the treatment of frictional contacts between particles. Each particle is discretized as a collection of material points. The information carried by the material points is projected onto a background mesh, where equations of motion are solved. The mesh solution is then used to update the material points. The implicit formulation of MPM allows for unconditional numerical stability and efficient coupling with implicit treatment of unilateral contacts and friction between the particles by the CD method. We use this model to analyse the compaction process of 2D soft-particle packings. The packing can reach high solid fractions by particle shape change and still flow plastically. The compaction is a nonlinear process in which new contacts are formed between particles and the contact areas increase. We find that the evolution of the packing fraction is a slow logarithmic function of the driving stress as a consequence of increasing contact area. We also evidence the effect of friction, which favours strong stress chains and thus the elongation of particles, leading to a larger packing fraction at a given level of compressive stress as compared to a frictionless particle packing.

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro UR - http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/370208 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular dynamics simulation of amorphous HfO 2 for resistive RAM applications JF - Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering Y1 - 2014 A1 - Broglia, G A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Larcher, L A1 - Montorsi, M AB -

HfO2 is widely investigated as the favoured material for resistive RAM device implementation. The structural features of HfO2 play a fundamental role in the switching mechanisms governing resistive RAM operations, and a comprehensive understanding of the relation between the atomistic properties and final device behaviour is still missing. In addition, despite the fact that ultra-scaled 10 nm resistive RAM will probably be made of amorphous HfO2, a deeper investigation of the structure is necessary. In this paper, the classical molecular dynamics technique was used to investigate the disordered atomic configuration of amorphous HfO2. The influence of density on both the atomistic structure and the diffusion of O species was carefully analysed. The results achieved show that the atomistic structure of an amorphous HfO2 system is strongly affected by the density, and the amorphous system is rearranged in an atomic configuration similar to the crystalline configuration at similar densities. The diffusion of oxygen atoms increases with the decrease of the density, consistent with a less-packed atomic structure which allows for easier movement of this species.

VL - 22 UR - http://stacks.iop.org/0965-0393/22/i=6/a=065006?key=crossref.b7d708e3a43b9124ea539668eee311b0 IS - 6 JO - Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular dynamics simulations of the formation of 1D spin-valves from stretched Au-Co and Pt-Co nanowires JF - J. Phys.: Condens. Matter Y1 - 2014 A1 - Robinson Cortes-Huerto A1 - T. Sondon A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

We have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of stretched Aux-Co1 - x and Ptx-Co1 - x nanowires to investigate the formation of bimetallic monoatomic wires between two electrodes. We have considered nanowires with two concentrations x = 0.2 and 0.8, aspect ratio of 13, a cross section of 1 nm(2) and a wide range of temperatures (from 10 to 400 K). For the MD simulations we have used a semi-empirical interatomic potential based on the second moment approximation (SMA) of the density of states to the tight-binding Hamiltonian.For Au-Co alloys, Au atoms tends to migrate towards the narrowed region to form almost pure Au wires. In the PtCo case the formed chains usually consist of Pt enriched alternating structures. The most striking result is probably the Au(0.2)-Co(0.8) alloy where pure monoatomic Au chains form between two Co electrodes constituting a potential 1D spin valve. Despite the known ease with which the 5d metals (Pt, Ir, and Au) form monoatomic chains (MACS), our results show that in the presence of Co (x = 0.2), the percentage of chain formation is higher than in the Pt and Au rich cases (x = 0.8).

VL - 26 IS - Special issue: Break junctions ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multiphase equation of state for carbon addressing high pressures and temperatures JF - Phys Rev. B Y1 - 2014 A1 - L. X. Benedict A1 - K. P. Driver A1 - S. Hamel A1 - B. Militzer A1 - T. Qi A1 - Alfredo A. Correa A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - E. Schwegler AB -

We present a 5-phase equation of state for elemental carbon which addresses a wide range of density and temperature conditions: 3g/cc<ρ<20g/cc,0K<T<∞. The phases considered are diamond, BC8, simple cubic, simple hexagonal, and the liquid/plasma state. The solid phase free energies are constrained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Vibrational contributions to the free energy of each solid phase are treated within the quasiharmonic framework. The liquid free energy model is constrained by fitting to a combination of DFT molecular dynamics performed over the range 10000K<T<100000K, and path integral quantum Monte Carlo calculations for T>100000K (both for ρ between 3 and 12 g/cc, with select higher- ρ DFT calculations as well). The liquid free energy model includes an atom-in-jellium approach to account for the effects of ionization due to temperature and pressure in the plasma state, and an ion-thermal model which includes the approach to the ideal gas limit. The precise manner in which the ideal gas limit is reached is greatly constrained by both the highest-temperature DFT data and the path integral data, forcing us to discard an ion-thermal model we had used previously in favor of a new one. Predictions are made for the principal Hugoniot and the room-temperature isotherm, and comparisons are made to recent experimental results.

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VL - 89 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanofluidics: Bubbles as osmotic membranes JF - Nature nanotechnology Y1 - 2014 A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

Nanoscale gas bubbles can act as selective membranes and be used to estimate the condensation coefficient of water.

VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nano-scale mechanics of colloidal C-S-H gels JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2014 A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Sidney Yip A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Gels of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) are the glue that is largely responsible for the mechanical properties of cement. Despite their practical relevance, their nano-scale structure and mechanics are still mainly unexplored, because of the difficulties in characterizing them in a complex material like cement. We propose a colloidal model to investigate the gel mechanics emerging in the critical range of length-scales from several tens to hundreds of nanometers. We show that the size polydispersity of the hydrates and size-dependent effective interactions can explain the mechanical heterogeneities detected in nano-indentation experiments. We also show how these features control the arising of irreversible structural rearrangements under deformation, which are good candidates as nano-scale mechanisms underlying mechanical aging and slow structural relaxation in the gels.

Graphical abstract: Nano-scale mechanics of colloidal C–S–H gels
VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanoscale Structure of Cement: Viewpoint of Rigidity Theory JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
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Rigidity theory is a powerful tool to predict the properties of glasses with respect to composition. By reducing such molecular networks to simple mechanical trusses, topological constraint theory filters out all the unnecessary details that ultimately do not affect macroscopic properties. However, the usual constraint enumeration is restricted to networks that are amorphous, homogeneous, and fully connected. On the contrary, calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H), the binding phase of cement, is partially crystalline and heterogeneous and shows some isolated water molecules. Here, we report how rigidity theory can be used to describe the nanoscale structure of this material by relying on molecular dynamics simulations. The distinction between intact and broken constraints is clearly defined at the atomic scale, thus allowing a precise enumeration of the topological constraints. We show that the rigidity of the C–S–H network can be increased by decreasing the Ca/Si molar ratio, which, as predicted by rigidity theory, allows improvement of the hardness of the material. This study suggests that rigidity theory could be applied with great rewards to a broader range of materials than glasses.

VL - 118 IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Order and disorder in calcium–silicate–hydrate JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mathieu Bauchy A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Despite advances in the characterization and modeling of cement hydrates, the atomic order in Calcium–Silicate–Hydrate (C–S–H), the binding phase of cement, remains an open question. Indeed, in contrast to the former crystalline model, recent molecular models suggest that the nanoscale structure of C–S–H is amorphous. To elucidate this issue, we analyzed the structure of a realistic simulated model of C–S–H, and compared the latter to crystalline tobermorite, a natural analogue of C–S–H, and to an artificial ideal glass. The results clearly indicate that C–S–H appears as amorphous, when averaged on all atoms. However, an analysis of the order around each atomic species reveals that its structure shows an intermediate degree of order, retaining some characteristics of the crystal while acquiring an overall glass-like disorder. Thanks to a detailed quantification of order and disorder, we show that, while C–S–H retains some signatures of a tobermorite-like layered structure, hydrated species are completely amorphous.

VL - 140 IS - 21 JO - The Journal of Chemical Physics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Particle alignment and clustering in sheared granular materials composed of platy particles JF - The European Physical Journal E Y1 - 2014 A1 - Boton, Mauricio A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the texture and local ordering in sheared packings composed of cohesionless platy particles. The morphology of large packings of platy particles in quasistatic equilibrium is complex due to the combined effects of local nematic ordering of the particles and anisotropic orientations of contacts between particles. We find that particle alignment is strongly enhanced by the degree of platyness and leads to the formation of face-connected clusters of exponentially decaying size. Interestingly, due to dynamics in continuous shearing, this ordering phenomenon emerges even in systems composed of particles of very low platyness differing only slightly from spherical shape. The number of clusters is an increasing function of platyness. However, at high platyness the proportion of face-face interactions is too low to allow for their percolation throughout the system.

VL - 37 IS - 11 JO - Eur. Phys. J. E ER - TY - Generic T1 - Pavement infrastructures footprint: The impact of pavement properties on vehicle fuel consumption T2 - Euro-C Conference Y1 - 2014 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm ED - Bicanic, N ED - Mang, H ED - Meschke, G AB -

A novel mechanistic model based on an infinite beam on elastic foundation is developed to
quantify the impact of pavement structural and material properties on pavement deflection and consequently on
vehicle fuel consumption. The model can also account for the effect of temperature and vehicle speed on fuel
consumption. A simplified expression for evaluating the energy dissipation for practical purposes is proposed
and used to investigate the impact of various pavement design systems on fuel consumption. GPS (General Pave-
ment Studies) sections from the FHWA’s Long Term Pavement Performance program (FHWA 2011) are used
for this study. These sections consist of asphalt concrete (AC), portland cement concrete (PCC) and composite
pavements. The model quantifies the impact of temperature and vehicle speed on the fuel consumption and
confirms that those impacts are negligible for PCC and significant for AC pavements due to their viscoelasticity.

JF - Euro-C Conference CY - MAR 24-27 2014 St Anton am Alberg, AUSTRIA VL - COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES UR - https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/louhghalam-Euro-C-2014.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Penetration test in coarse granular material using Contact Dynamics Method JF - Computers and Geotechnics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Saussine, Gilles A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Field tests are widely used for soil characterization in geotechnical applications in spite of implementation difficulties. The light penetrometer is a well-known testing tool for fine soils, but the physical interpretation of the output data in the case of coarse granular materials is far less evident. Indeed, the data are considerably more sensitive in this case to various parameters such as fabric structure, particle shapes or the applied impact energy. In order to achieve a better understanding of the penetration process into a coarse granular material, a numerical study was performed by means of contact dynamics simulations. The penetration of a moving tip in a sample composed of irregular grain shapes was studied and the influence of the driving velocity and input energy on the penetration strength was analyzed. The results show that the latter grows with both the penetration rate and energy, despite the strong fluctuations occur due to a jamming–unjamming process in which the contact network connectivity evolves intermittently in correlation with the penetration strength. This analysis suggests that the time-averaged data provided by a penetrometer is reliable information from which the bulk strength properties of coarse granular materials can be evaluated.

VL - 55 JO - Computers and Geotechnics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Physics and technological aspects of nanofluidics JF - Lab on a Chip Y1 - 2014 A1 - Lydéric Bocquet A1 - Tabeling, Patrick AB -

From a physical perspective, nanofluidics represents an extremely rich domain. It hosts many mechanisms acting on the nanoscale, which combine together or interact with the confinement to generate new phenomena. Superfast flows in carbon nanotubes, nonlinear electrokinetic transport, slippage over smooth surfaces, nanobubble stability, etc. are the most striking phenomena that have been unveiled over the past few years, and some of them are still awaiting an explanation. One may anticipate that new nanofluidic effects will be discovered in the future, but at the moment, the technological barrier is high. Fabrication of nanochannels is most often a tour de force, slow and costly. However, with the accumulation of technological skills along with the use of new nanofluidic materials (like nanotubes), nanofluidics is becoming increasingly accessible to experimentalists. Among the technological challenges faced by the field, fabricating devices mimicking natural nanometric systems, such as aquaporins, ionic pumps or kidney osmotic filtering, seems the most demanding in terms of groundbreaking ideas. Nanoflow characterization remains delicate, although considerable progress has been achieved over the past years. The targeted application of nanofluidics is not only in the field of genomics and membrane science – with disruptive developments to be expected for water purification, desalination, and energy harvesting – but also for oil and gas production from unconventional reservoirs. Today, in view of the markets that are targeted, nanofluidics may well impact the industry more than microfluidics; this would represent an unexpected paradox. These successes rely on using a variety of materials and technologies, using state-of-the-art nanofabrication, or low-tech inexpensive approaches. As a whole, nanofluidics is a fascinating field that is facing considerable challenges today. It possesses a formidable potential and offers much space for creative groundbreaking ideas.

Graphical abstract: Physics and technological aspects of nanofluidics
VL - 14 SN - 1473-0197 IS - 17 JO - Lab Chip ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Plane-Strain Crack Problem in Transversely Isotropic Solids for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications JF - Journal of Engineering Mechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Hadrien Laubie A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This paper aims at understanding and predicting how pressurized cracks propagate in anisotropic brittle solids, a situation frequently encountered in hydraulic fracturing. Special attention is paid to transverse isotropy, often used to model shale. Although the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics of anisotropic solids is well established at present, this paper shows that the application of Muskhelishvili’s formalism to Lekhnitskii’s anisotropic complex potentials provides a powerful tool to extend the validity of the classical tools of isotropic fluid-driven crack models to the anisotropic case, provided that the appropriate elastic constants are used. These elastic constants are identified and derived in closed form for transversely isotropic solids. The constants are shown to be directly related to quantities easily measured in a laboratory at macroscopic scale through indentation tests and acoustic measurements. Moreover, several crack-kinking criteria are compared. Contrary to the isotropic case, the crack-kinking criteria are not consistent among themselves, even in the case of a pure pressure loading. The orientation at which it is easier to propagate an already existing crack is sought. A critical crack length, below which this crack orientation is the one of minimal stiffness felt by the crack, is identified.

VL - 140 IS - 12 JO - J. Eng. Mech. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Poro-chemo-fracture-mechanics ... bottom-up: Application to risk of fracture design of oil and gas cement sheath at early ages T2 - Euro-C Conference Y1 - 2014 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Muhannad Abuhaikal A1 - Thomas Alexander Petersen A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq ED - Bicanic, N ED - Mang, H ED - Meschke, G ED - DeBorst, R AB -

With ever more challenging (T, p) environments for cementing applications in oil and gas wells, there is a need to change the classical paradigm of constitutive modeling of the early-age behavior of cementitious materials in oil-and gas well applications. Herein, we propose a bottom-up approach, which starts at the molecular scale of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H), and propagates this understanding via incremental poroelastic upscaling methods to the meso-and macroscale, and ultimately to the scale of engineering applications. With a clear focus on engineering risk-of-fracture evaluations, we show how to integrate this bottom-up approach with fracture mechanics.

JF - Euro-C Conference PB - CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP CY - MAR 24-27, 2014, St Anton am Alberg, AUSTRIA VL - COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES, VOL 1 SN - 978-1-138-02641-4; 978-1-315-76203-6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Poroelastic Theory Applied to the Adsorption-Induced Deformation of Vitreous Silica JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry B Y1 - 2014 A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Weigel, Coralie A1 - Polian, Alain A1 - Kint, Mathieu A1 - Rouquette, Jérôme A1 - Haines, Julien A1 - Foret, Marie A1 - Vacher, Rene A1 - Ruffle, Benoit AB -

When vitreous silica is submitted to high pressures under a helium atmosphere, the change in volume observed is much smaller than expected from its elastic properties. It results from helium penetration into the interstitial free volume of the glass network. We present here the results of concurrent spectroscopic experiments using either helium or neon and molecular simulations relating the amount of gas adsorbed to the strain of the network. We show that a generalized poromechanical approach, describing the elastic properties of microporous materials upon adsorption, can be applied successfully to silica glass in which the free volume exists only at the subnanometer scale. In that picture, the adsorption-induced deformation accounts for the small apparent compressibility of silica observed in experiments.

VL - 118 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp5094383 IS - 49 JO - J. Phys. Chem. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Predicting the settlement of coarse granular materials under vertical loading JF - Scientific Reports Y1 - 2014 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Saussine, Gilles A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Granular materials are widely used in industrial processes despite their complex and poorly understood mechanical behaviour both in static and dynamic regimes. A prototypical example is the settlement and compaction of a granular bed under vibrational loading. The elementary mechanisms of this process are still unclear and there is presently no established theory or methodology to predict the settlement and its statistical variability. By means of a parametric study, carried out on a full-scale track, and a critical analysis of density relaxation laws, we introduce a novel settlement model in coarse granular materials under cyclic loading. Our extensive experimental data indicate that the settlement process is governed by three independent parameters strongly correlated with the vibration intensity and initial packing fraction. We show that the mean settlement is well predicted by the model with its parameter values extracted from experimental data.

Granular materials are both pressure-dependent and density-dependent materials and exhibit a broad range of intricate behaviours due to their discrete nature, dissipative interactions and generic structural disorder1. The packing fraction may vary as a result of particle rearrangements induced by shearing or vibrations and it leads to dramatic changes in the structure and mechanical response of a granular material2,3,4,5,6,7,8. A long-time logarithmic relaxation law of the packing fraction is systematically observed in experiments9,10. In simple compaction models, this behaviour is attributed to the exponentially increasing time for the particles to reach a new configuration of lower packing fraction. The case of settlement under cyclic loading has, however, been much less investigated. The settlement of granular bed occurs due to both compaction and side-wise spreading. An important industrial example is the railway ballast, which undergoes gradual settlement under the static and dynamic overloads induced by train traffics11,12,13,14. The readjustment of differential settlements requires costly operations on fast-train railways. For this reason, an improved understanding of the parameters governing the settlement process is a critical technological challenge for new developments in this field.

In this paper, we show that the total settlement τN under vertical cyclic loading is governed by a logarithmic relaxation law as a function of the number N of cycles:

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where the three fitting parameters τ, B and N0 can be evaluated from the loading parameters, namely the frequency ω (related to the train speed for ballast) and initial packing fraction of the material. Our experimental correlations between model and loading parameters show consistently that τ and B depend on the dimensionless loading intensity Γ = (2)/(pd2/m + g), where A is the vibration amplitude, p is the confining pressure (under the sleeper for ballast), d is the average particle diameter, m is the average particle mass and g is gravitational acceleration. We also find that the parameter N0 is linked to the initial packing fraction of the material. In fact, this parameter controls the initial settlement rate, and it was systematically determined by means of a light penetrometer in our experiments on ballast material.

VL - 4 JO - Sci Rep ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Pressure effects in confined nanophases JF - Molecular Simulation Y1 - 2014 A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Yun Long A1 - Keith E. Gubbins KW - confinement KW - high-pressure effects KW - mechanical properties KW - porous materials AB -

In this article, we review how pressure effects in pores affect both the physics of the confined fluid and the properties of the host porous material. Molecular simulations in which high-pressure effects were observed are first discussed; we will see how the strong dependence on bulk phase pressure of the freezing temperature of a fluid confined in nanopores can be explained by important variations of the pressure within the pore. We then discuss recent works in which direct calculations of the pressure tensor of fluids confined in pores provide evidence for large pressure enhancements. Finally, practical applications of these pressure effects in which gas adsorption in microporous solids (pore size <2nm) was found to enhance their mechanical properties by increasing the elastic modulus by a factor 4 are discussed.

VL - 40 IS - 7-9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Enhanced Xenon Adsorption Using Silver-Loaded Zeolites JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Deliere, Ludovic A1 - Topin, Sylvain A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Fontaine, Jean-Pierre A1 - De Vito, Sophie A1 - Den Auwer, Christophe A1 - Solari, Pier Lorenzo A1 - Daniel, Cecile A1 - Schuurman, Yves A1 - David Farrusseng AB -
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Molecular simulation is used to unravel the adsorption mechanisms of xenon on Ag-doped ZSM-5 zeolite. We show that silver nanoparticles, which form at the external surface of zeolite crystallites, are responsible for enhanced xenon physisorption at very low pressure. We also propose a simple model of adsorption on such composite materials made up of silver-exchanged zeolites and silver nanoparticles adsorbed at the zeolite surface. This model, which allows predicting the adsorption of other gases without any additional parameters, provides a tool to characterize the amount of reduced silver as well as the silver particle size distribution (in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy images). The presence of a majority of silver nanoparticles is further characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the silver K edge.

VL - 118 IS - 43 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Roughness-induced Pavement-Vehicle Interactions Key Parameters and Impact on Vehicle Fuel Consumption JF - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Y1 - 2014 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Pavement roughness affects rolling resistance and thus vehicle fuel consumption. When a vehicle travels at constant speed on an uneven road surface, the mechanical work dissipated in the vehicle’s suspension system is compensated by vehicle engine power and results in excess fuel consumption. This dissipation depends on both road roughness and vehicle dynamic characteristics. This paper proposes, calibrates, and implements a mechanistic model for roughness-induced dissipation. The distinguishing feature of the model is its combination of a thermodynamic quantity (energy dissipation) with results from random vibration theory to identify the governing parameters that drive the excess fuel consumption caused by pavement roughness, namely, the international roughness index (IRI) and the waviness number, w (a power spectral density parameter). It is shown through sensitivity analysis that the sensitivity of model output, that is, excess fuel consumption, to the waviness number is significant and comparable to that of IRI. Thus, introducing the waviness number as a second roughness index, in addition to IRI, allows a more accurate quantification of the impact of surface characteristics on vehicle fuel consumption and the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions. This aspect is illustrated by application of the roughness–fuel consumption model to two road profiles extracted from FHWA’s Long-Term Pavement Performance database.

VL - 2525 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scaling Relationships of Dissipation-Induced Pavement-Vehicle Interactions JF - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Y1 - 2014 A1 - Arghavan Louhghalam A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Rolling resistance is one of the key factors that affect the fuel efficiency of the national pavement system. In addition to pavement texture and pavement roughness, the dissipation of mechanical work provided by the vehicle because of viscous deformation within the pavement structure has been recognized as a relevant factor contributing to the environmental footprint of pavement systems. This dissipation depends on material and structural parameters that can be optimized to increase the fuel efficiency of pavements. Identifying the key material and structural parameters that drive this dissipation is the focus of this paper. This identification is achieved by a combination of dimensional analysis and model-based simulations of the dissipation of a viscoelastic beam on an elastic foundation. For linear viscoelastic systems, the dissipation is found to scale with the square of the vehicle weight and with the inverse of the viscous relaxation time, in addition to distinct power relations of top-layer stiffness, thickness, and subgrade modulus. These scaling relations can be used by pavement engineers to reduce such pavement-inherent dissipation mechanisms and increase the fuel efficiency of a pavement design. An example shows the application of these scaling relations with data extracted from FHWA's Long-Term Pavement Performance database for seven road classes. The scaling relations provide a means for evaluating the performance of the various road classes in terms of the fuel efficiency related to dissipation.

VL - 2457 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scratch hardness-strength solutions for cohesive-frictional materials JF - International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Bard, Romain A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

In this paper we develop analytical solutions for scratch hardness–strength relations for cohesive-frictional materials of the Mohr–Coulomb and Drucker–Prager type. Based on the lower bound yield design approach, closed-form solutions are derived for frictionless scratch devices, and validated against computational upper bound and elastoplastic finite element solutions. The influence of friction at the blade–material interface is also investigated, for which a simple computational optimization is proposed. Illustrated for scratch tests on cement paste, we show that the proposed solutions provide a convenient way to determine estimates of cohesion and friction parameters from scratch data, and may serve as a benchmark to identify the relevance of strength models for scratch test analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

VL - 36 IS - 3 JO - Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. ER - TY - Generic T1 - Shear flow of dense granular suspensions by computer simulations T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2014 A1 - L. Amarsid A1 - Patrick Mutabaruka A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin AB -

We analyze the shear flow of dense granular materials composed of circular particles immersed in a viscous fluid by means of Molecular Dynamics simulations interfaced with the Lattice Boltzmann Method. A homogeneous flow of the suspension is obtained through periodic boundary conditions and by directly applying a confining pressure on the granular phase and shearing the fluid phase. The stead-state rheology can be described in terms of effective friction coefficient and packing fraction of the suspension as a function of the ratio of viscous shear stress to confining pressure (frictional description), on one hand, and in terms of normal and shear viscosities of the suspension as a function of the packing fraction (viscous description), on the other hand. We show that the simulation data are consistent with both descriptions and in close agreement with the corresponding scaling laws observed in recent experiments.

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro UR - http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/369542 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Simultaneous assessment of phase chemistry, phase abundance and bulk chemistry with statistical electron probe micro-analyses: Application to cement clinkers JF - Cement and concrete Research Y1 - 2014 A1 - Wilson, William A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm KW - Characterization KW - Clinker KW - EPMA KW - X-ray diffraction AB -

According to recent developments in cement clinker engineering, the optimization of chemical substitutions in the main clinker phases offers a promising approach to improve both reactivity and grindability of clinkers. Thus, monitoring the chemistry of the phases may become part of the quality control at the cement plants, along with the usual measurements of the abundance of the mineralogical phases (quantitative X-ray diffraction) and the bulk chemistry (X-ray fluorescence). This paper presents a new method to assess these three complementary quantities with a single experiment. The method is based on electron microprobe spot analyses, performed over a grid located on a representative surface of the sample and interpreted with advanced statistical tools. This paper describes the method and the experimental program performed on industrial clinkers to establish the accuracy in comparison to conventional methods. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SEM micrographs of coarsely ground sample C-C4. (a) The 500× magnification ...
Ca vs. Si representation for bulk samples (a) B-C2 focused on the entire range ...
(a) SEM micrograph of clinker C4 at 1000× magnification: the spacing between ...
Additional representations of the clustered results for bulk samples: Fe vs. Si ...
Si vs. Ca representation for coarsely ground samples (a) C-C2a and (b) C-C4b and ...
 
 
 
VL - 55 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A soft matter in construction – Statistical physics approach to formation and mechanics of C–S–H gels in cement JF - The European Physical Journal Special Topics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Katerina Ioannidou A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Alain Baronnet A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Sidney Yip AB -

Calcium-silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is the main binding agent in cement and concrete. It forms at the beginning of cement hydration, it progressively densifies as cement hardens and is ultimately responsible of concrete performances. This hydration product is a cohesive nano-scale gel, whose structure and mechanics are still poorly understood, in spite of its practical importance. Here we review some of the open questions for this fascinating material and a statistical physics approach recently developed, which allows us to investigate the gel formation under the out-of-equilibrium conditions typical of cement hydration and the role of the nano-scale structure in C-S-H mechanics upon hardening. Our approach unveils how some distinctive features of the kinetics of cement hydration can be related to changes in the morphology of the gels and elucidates the role of nano-scale mechanical heterogeneities in the hardened C-S-H.

VL - 223 IS - 11 JO - Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Some micromechanical aspects of failure in granular materials based on second-order work JF - Comptes Rendus Mécanique Y1 - 2014 A1 - François Nicot A1 - Hadda, Nejib A1 - Sibille, Luc A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Hicher, Pierre-Yves A1 - Darve, Félix AB -

This paper discusses the notion of failure in a granular assembly by examining the key microstructural mechanisms which are most likely to trigger the nucleation and propagation of instabilities within a granular material. For this purpose, the key variable to predict the occurrence of failure, known as second-order work, is expressed from variables on the grain scale. The local behaviour incidents (where contacts may open or slide), compared to the global response of the assembly, are analysed by two approaches. First, numerical computations made by a discrete element model confirm the microscopic definition of the second-order work. Secondly, a micromechanical model, based on a homogenization procedure, relating the macroscopic behaviour to microscopic ingredients, namely contact planes, points to a close link between the occurrence of failure on the macroscopic scale as well as on the contact planes.

VL - 342 IS - 3 JO - Comptes Rendus Mécanique ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stimuli-Responsive Cement-Reinforced Rubber JF - ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Y1 - 2014 A1 - Musso, Simone A1 - Robisson, Agathe A1 - Sudeep Maheshwar A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -
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In this work, we report the successful development of a cement–rubber reactive composite with reversible mechanical properties. Initially, the composite behaves like rubber containing inert filler, but when exposed to water, it increases in volume and reaches a stiffness that is intermediate between that of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) and hydrated cement, while maintaining a relatively large ductility characteristic of rubber. After drying, the modulus increases even further up to 400 MPa. Wet/drying cycles prove that the elastic modulus can reversibly change between 150 and 400 MPa. Utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), we demonstrate that the high pH produced by the hydration of cement triggers the hydrolysis of the rubber nitrile groups into carboxylate anions. Thus, the salt bridges, generated between the carboxylate anions of the elastomer and the cations of the filler, are responsible for the reversible variations in volume and elastic modulus of the composite as a consequence of environmental moisture exposure. These results reveal that cement nanoparticles can successfully be used to accomplish a twofold task: (a) achieve an original postpolymerization modification that allows one to work with carboxylate HNBR (HXNBR) not obtained by direct copolymerization of carboxylate monomers with butadiene, and (b) synthesize a stimuli-responsive polymeric composite. This new type of material, having an ideal behavior for sealing application, could be used as an alternative to cement for oil field zonal isolation applications.

VL - 6 IS - 9 JO - ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and Dynamics of an Electrolyte Confined in Charged Nanopores JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - Pierre-Andre Cazade A1 - Hartkamp, Remco A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
Abstract Image

Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to investigate the structure and dynamics of an aqueous electrolyte (NaCl) confined within a nanomembrane, which consists of a nanopore with a diameter 3 nm having a negatively charged surface. Both nanomembranes with a diffuse charge and with local charges are considered (in both cases, two surface charge densities are considered, −0.9 e/nm2 and −1.8 e/nm2). For all nanomembranes, significant layering of water and ions in the vicinity of the nanomembrane surface is observed. While the distribution of water and chloride ions is nearly insensitive to the nanomembrane charge and type, the arrangement of sodium cations within the nanomembrane depends on the system being considered. The water and ion density profiles in the nanomembranes are compared with the predictions of a modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation in which charge image, solvation effects, and dispersion interactions with the surface are taken into account [Huang et al. Langmuir, 2008, 24, 1442]. The self-diffusion coefficient for a given species is smaller than its bulk counterpart and is at most 75% of the bulk value. While the self-diffusion coefficients for water and sodium cations decrease with decreasing the overall negative charge of the nanomembrane, the self-diffusion coefficient for the chloride anions is nearly independent of the nanomembrane type and charge. We also estimate the dynamics of the confined aqueous electrolyte by calculating time correlation functions which allow estimating solvation, ion pairing, and residence times.

VL - 118 SN - 1932-7447 IS - 10 JO - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and transport of aqueous electrolytes: From simple halides to radionuclide ions JF - Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Hartkamp, Remco A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Molecular simulations are used to compare the structure and dynamics of conventional and radioactive aqueous electrolytes: chloride solutions with sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, and strontium. The study of Cs+ and Sr2+ is important because these radioactive ions can be extremely harmful and are often confused by living organisms for K+ and Ca2+, respectively. Na+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ are strongly bonded to their hydration shell because of their large charge density. We find that the water molecules in the first hydration shell around Na+ form hydrogen bonds between each other, whereas molecules in the first hydration shell around Ca2+ and Sr2+ predominantly form hydrogen bonds with water molecules in the second shell. In contrast to these three ions, K+ and Cs+ have low charge densities so that they are weakly bonded to their hydration shell. Overall, the structural differences between Ca2+ and Sr2+ are small, but the difference between their coordination numbers relative to their surface areas could potentially be used to separate these ions. Moreover, the different decays of the velocity-autocorrelation functions corresponding to these ions indicates that the difference in mass could be used to separate these cations. In this work, we also propose a new definition of the pairing time that is easy to calculate and of physical significance regardless of the problem at hand. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

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VL - 141 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure-property relationships of water adsorption in metal-organic frameworks JF - New Journal of Chemistry Y1 - 2014 A1 - Canivet, Jerome A1 - Bonnefoy, Jonathan A1 - Daniel, Cecile A1 - Legrand, Alexandre A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - David Farrusseng AB -

A set of 15 metal–organic frameworks (MIL-53, MIL-68, MIL-125, UiO-66, ZIF) exhibiting different pore size, morphology, and surface chemistry is used to unravel the numerous behaviors of water adsorption at room temperature in this class of materials. Outstanding “S”-shaped (type V) adsorption isotherms are observed for MIL-68 type solids. We show that the underlying mechanism of water adsorption can be rationalized using a simple set of three parameters: the Henry constant (i.e. the slope of the adsorption pressure in the low pressure range), the pressure at which pore filling occurs, and the maximum water adsorption capacity. While the Henry constant and pore filling pressure mostly depend on the affinity of water for the surface chemistry and on pore size, respectively, these two parameters are correlated as they both reflect different aspects of the hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity of the material. For a given type of porous structure, the functionalization of the material by hydrophilic moieties such as hydrogen bonding groups (amine or aldehyde) systematically leads to an increase in the Henry constant concomitantly with a decrease in the pore filling pressure. As for the adsorption mechanism, we show that, for a given temperature, there is a critical diameter (Dc ∼ 20 Å for water at room temperature) above which pore filling occurs through irreversible capillary condensation accompanied by capillary hysteresis loops. Below this critical diameter, pore filling is continuous and reversible unless the material exhibits some adsorption-induced flexibility.

Graphical abstract: Structure–property relationships of water adsorption in metal–organic frameworks
VL - 38 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sub-additive ionic transport across arrays of solid-state nanopores JF - Physics of Fluids (1994-present) Y1 - 2014 A1 - Gadaleta, A A1 - Sempere, C A1 - Simon Gravelle A1 - A. Siria A1 - Fulcrand, R A1 - Christophe Ybert A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

Nanopores, either biological, solid-state, or ultrathin pierced graphene, are powerful tools which are central to many applications, from sensing of biological molecules to desalination and fabrication of ion selective membranes. However, the interpretation of transport through low aspect-ratio nanopores becomes particularly complex as 3D access effects outside the pores are expected to play a dominant role. Here, we report both experiments and theory showing that, in contrast to naïve expectations, long-range mutual interaction across an array of nanopores leads to a non-extensive, sub-linear scaling of the global conductance on the number of pores N. A scaling analysis demonstrates that the N-dependence of the conductance depends on the topology of the network. It scales like G ∼ N/log N for a 1D line of pores, and like G∼√‾‾N for a 2D array, in agreement with experimental measurements. Our results can be extended to alternative transport phenomena obeying Laplace equations, such as diffusive, thermal, or hydrodynamic transport. Consequences of this counter-intuitive behavior are discussed in the context of transport across thin membranes, with applications in energy harvesting.

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VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surface Chemistry and Atomic-Scale Reconstruction of Kerogen-Silica Composites JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2014 A1 - György Hantal A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - Dias Soeiro Cordeiro, M Natalia A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
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Interest in gas shale, a novel source rock of natural gas, has increased tremendously in recent years. Better understanding of the kerogen–rock interaction is of crucial importance for efficient gas extraction and, hence, asset management. In this study, we explore the possible chemical bonds between kerogen and silica, one of the most predominant mineral constituents of gas shale, by means of quantum chemistry. Energetically favorable bond formation reactions are found between alcoholic hydroxyl, carboxylate, and aldehyde groups, as well as aliphatic double bonds of kerogen and the silica surface. The performance of a reactive force field was also assessed in a representative set of chemical reactions and found to be satisfactory. The potential impact of bond formation reactions between the two phases on the actual kerogen–silica interface is discussed as a function of the kerogen type, maturity, and density. Finally, a methodology aiming to reconstruct realistic kerogen–silica interfaces is presented.

VL - 118 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surface of glassy GeS2: A model based on a first-principles approach JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2014 A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Carlo Massobrio A1 - Bouzid, A. A1 - Boero, M. A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

First-principles calculations within the framework of the density functional theory are used to construct realistic models for the surface of glassy GeS2(g−GeS2). Both calculations at T=0 K and at finite temperature (T=300 K) are considered. This allows for a comparison between the structural and electronic properties of surface and bulk g−GeS2. Although the g−GeS2 surface recovers the main tetrahedral structural motif of bulk g−GeS2, the number of fourfold coordinated Ge atoms and twofold coordinated S atoms is smaller than in the bulk. On the contrary, the surface system features a larger content of overcoordinated S atoms and threefold coordinated Ge atoms. This effect is more important for the g−GeS2 surface relaxed at 0 K. Maximally localized Wannier functions (WF) are used to inspect the nature of the chemical bonds of the structural units present at the g−GeS2 surface. We compare the ability of several charge derivation methods to capture the atomic charge variations induced by a coordination change. Our estimate for the charges allows exploiting the first-principles results as a data base to construct a reliable interatomic force field.

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VL - 90 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surfactant Behavior of Ionic Liquids Involving a Drug: From Molecular Interactions to Self-Assembly JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2014 A1 - Tourne-Peteilh, Corine A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - In, Martin A1 - Brevet, David A1 - Devoisselle, Jean-Marie A1 - Andre Vioux A1 - Lydie Viau AB -
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Aggregates formed in an aqueous medium by three ionic liquids CnMImIbu made up of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation (n = 4, 6, 8) and ibuprofenate anion are investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, and atom-scale molecular dynamics simulations are used to shed light on the main interactions governing the formation of the aggregates and their composition. At high concentration, mixed micelles are formed with a composition that depends on the imidazolium alkyl chain length. For the shortest alkyl chain, micelles are mainly composed of ibuprofenate anions with some imidazolium cations intercalated between the anions. Upon increasing the alkyl chain length, the composition of the aggregates gets enriched in imidazolium cations and aggregates of stoichiometric composition are obtained. Attractive interactions between these aggregates led to the formation of larger aggregates. As suggested by molecular simulations, these larger aggregates might constitute the early stage of phase separation. Transitions from micelles to vesicles or ribbons are observed due to dilution effects and changes in the chemical composition of the aggregates. We also show that aggregation can be probed using simple microscopic quantities such as radial distribution functions and average solvation numbers.

VL - 30 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ultrahigh interlayer friction in multiwalled boron nitride nanotubes JF - Nat Mater Y1 - 2014 A1 - Nigues, A. A1 - A. Siria A1 - Vincent, P. A1 - Poncharal, P. A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

Friction at the nanoscale has revealed a wealth of behaviours that depart strongly from the long-standing macroscopic laws of Amontons–Coulomb1, 2. Here, by using a ‘Christmas cracker’-type of system in which a multiwalled nanotube is torn apart between a quartz-tuning-fork-based atomic force microscope (TF–AFM) and a nanomanipulator, we compare the mechanical response of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and multiwalled boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) during the fracture and telescopic sliding of the layers. We found that the interlayer friction for insulating BNNTs results in ultrahigh viscous-like dissipation that is proportional to the contact area, whereas for the semimetallic CNTs the sliding friction vanishes within experimental uncertainty. We ascribe this difference to the ionic character of the BN, which allows charge localization. The interlayer viscous friction of BNNTs suggests that BNNT membranes could serve as extremely efficient shock-absorbing surfaces.

Multiwalled nanotube Christmas-cracker experimental set-up.

Frequency shift measured by the tuning fork versus the displacement of the piezoscanner during complete tensile load experiments.

VL - 13 SN - 1476-1122 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Validity of the t-plot Method to Assess Microporosity in Hierarchical Micro/Mesoporous Materials JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2014 A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - François Villemot A1 - Rodriguez, Jeremy A1 - Fajula, François A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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The t-plot method is a well-known technique which allows determining the micro- and/or mesoporous volumes and the specific surface area of a sample by comparison with a reference adsorption isotherm of a nonporous material having the same surface chemistry. In this paper, the validity of the t-plot method is discussed in the case of hierarchical porous materials exhibiting both micro- and mesoporosities. Different hierarchical zeolites with MCM-41 type ordered mesoporosity are prepared using pseudomorphic transformation. For comparison, we also consider simple mechanical mixtures of microporous and mesoporous materials. We first show an intrinsic failure of the t-plot method; this method does not describe the fact that, for a given surface chemistry and pressure, the thickness of the film adsorbed in micropores or small mesopores (< 10σ, σ being the diameter of the adsorbate) increases with decreasing the pore size (curvature effect). We further show that such an effect, which arises from the fact that the surface area and, hence, the free energy of the curved gas/liquid interface decreases with increasing the film thickness, is captured using the simple thermodynamical model by Derjaguin. The effect of such a drawback on the ability of the t-plot method to estimate the micro- and mesoporous volumes of hierarchical samples is then discussed, and an abacus is given to correct the underestimated microporous volume by the t-plot method.

VL - 30 IS - 44 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Water adsorption in MOFs: fundamentals and applications JF - Chemical Society Reviews Y1 - 2014 A1 - Canivet, Jerome A1 - Fateeva, Alexandra A1 - Guo, Youmin A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - David Farrusseng AB -

This review article presents the fundamental and practical aspects of water adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The state of the art of MOF stability in water, a crucial issue to many applications in which MOFs are promising candidates, is discussed here. Stability in both gaseous (such as humid gases) and aqueous media is considered. By considering a non-exhaustive yet representative set of MOFs, the different mechanisms of water adsorption in this class of materials are presented: reversible and continuous pore filling, irreversible and discontinuous pore filling through capillary condensation, and irreversibility arising from the flexibility and possible structural modifications of the host material. Water adsorption properties of more than 60 MOF samples are reported. The applications of MOFs as materials for heat-pumps and adsorbent-based chillers and proton conductors are also reviewed. Some directions for future work are suggested as concluding remarks.

Graphical abstract: Water adsorption in MOFs: fundamentals and applications
VL - 43 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption, intrusion and freezing in porous silica: the view from the nanoscale JF - Chemical Society Reviews Y1 - 2013 A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Di Renzo, Francesco AB -

This review presents the state of the art of molecular simulation and theory of adsorption, intrusion and freezing in porous silica. Both silica pores of a simple geometry and disordered porous silicas which exhibit morphological and topological disorders are considered. We provide a brief description of the numerical models of porous silicas available in the literature and present the most common molecular simulation and theoretical methods. Adsorption in regular and irregular pores is discussed in the light of classical theories of adsorption and capillary condensation in pores. We also present the different evaporation mechanisms for disordered systems: pore blocking and cavitation. The criticality of fluids confined in pores, which is still the matter of debate, is then discussed. We review theoretical results for intrusion/extrusion and freezing in silica pores and discuss the validity of classical approaches such as the Washburn-Laplace equation and Gibbs-Thomson equation to describe the thermodynamics of intrusion and in-pore freezing. The validity of the most widely used characterization techniques is then discussed. We report some concluding remarks and suggest directions for future work.

Graphical abstract: Adsorption, intrusion and freezing in porous silica: the view from the nanoscale

 

VL - 42 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecules at the Surface of Ice, As Seen by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2013 A1 - Mészár, Zsuzsanna E A1 - György Hantal A1 - Picaud, Sylvain A1 - Jedlovszky, Pál AB -
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The adsorption of four aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene, at the surface of Ih ice is investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) computer simulation under tropospheric conditions at 200 K. By systematic variation of the value of adsorbate chemical potential in the simulations, the adsorption isotherms are determined. It is found that adsorption follows the Langmuir mechanism only up to a rather low relative pressure value in every case. In this range specific surface sites, called α sites, to which adsorbate molecules can be bound particularly strongly in specific orientation, are occupied. In these α sites, presumably the dangling OH bonds of the ice surface form O–H....π-type hydrogen bonds with the delocalized π electrons of the adsorbed aromatic molecule lying parallel with the ice surface. Once these α sites are saturated, lateral interactions become increasingly important, leading to large fluctuations of the lateral density of the adsorption layer and an increasing deviation of the adsorption isotherm from the Langmuir shape. The adsorption layer is found to be strictly monomolecular and even unsaturated in every case, as condensation well precedes the saturation of this monolayer for all four aromatic adsorbates considered in this study.

VL - 117 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption of carbon dioxide, methane, and their mixtures in porous carbons: effect of surface chemistry, water content, and pore disorder JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2013 A1 - Pierre Billemont A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Guy De Weireld AB -
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The adsorption of carbon dioxide, methane, and their mixtures in nanoporous carbons in the presence of water is studied using experiments and molecular simulations. Both the experimental and numerical samples contain polar groups that account for their partially hydrophilicity. For small amounts of adsorbed water, although the shape of the adsorption isotherms remain similar, both the molecular simulations and experiments show a slight decrease in the CO2 and CH4 adsorption amounts. For large amounts of adsorbed water, the experimental data suggest the formation of methane or carbon dioxide clathrates in agreement with previous work. In contrast, the molecular simulations do not account for the formation of such clathrates. Another important difference between the simulated and experimental data concerns the number of water molecules that desorb upon increasing the pressure of carbon dioxide and methane. Although the experimental data indicate that water remains adsorbed upon carbon dioxide and methane adsorption, the molecular simulations suggest that 40 to 75% of the initial amount of adsorbed water desorbs with carbon dioxide or methane pressure. Such discrepancies show that differences between the simulated and experimental samples are crucial to account for the rich phase behavior of confined water–gas systems. Our simulations for carbon dioxide–methane coadsorption in the presence of water suggest that the pore filling is not affected by the presence of water and that adsorbed solution theory can be applied for pressures as high as 15 MPa.

VL - 29 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds in pure silica CHA, *BEA, MFI and STT-type zeolites JF - Microp. Mesop. Mater. Y1 - 2013 A1 - A. F. Cosseron A1 - T. J. Daou A1 - L. Tzanis A1 - H. Nouali A1 - I. Deroche A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - V. Tchaber A1 - J. Patarin AB -

Four pure silica zeolites, chabazite (CHA-structure type) and SSZ-23 (STT-structure type) with cage-like structure and silicalite-1 (MFI-structure type) and beta (BEA-structure type) with channel structure, were synthesized and fully characterized. Their sorption properties were examined using gravimetric method combined with Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC). Of particular interest is the large difference in the adsorption rates of n-hexane, p-xylene and acetone observed for these zeosils at 25, 75 and 150 °C. As expected, in most cases, a decrease in the adsorption capacity is observed with increasing the molar volume of the used probe molecule and the temperature. An exception is observed for the pure silica CHA-type zeolite due to its small pore size which prevents molecules from entering its porosity. However, at higher temperature, the window size widens slightly and allows n-hexane and acetone, which have kinetic diameter close to the pore opening, to enter easily in chabazite. As a result, for this zeosil, an increase in the adsorption capacity compared to that obtained at 25 °C is observed. All these zeosils are promising for technological uses in car exhaust gas decontamination.

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VL - 173 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption-based characterization of hierarchical metal-organic frameworks JF - Adsorptio-Journal of the International Adsorption Society Y1 - 2013 A1 - François Villemot A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Benoit A. Coasne KW - Adsorption KW - Hierarchical porous materials KW - Molecular simulation KW - t-Plot AB -

Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K on metal-organic framework (MOF) is investigated by means of molecular simulations. We consider both regular Cu-BTC crystal and a MOF-based hierarchical porous solid consisting of a mesopore carved out of a Cu-BTC crystal. The t-plot method is applied to these solids by using a non-porous Cu-BTC surface as the reference sample. The values of the mesoporous and external surface areas are determined from the t-plot, and the validity of the method for this type of hierarchical solid is discussed.

VL - 20 IS - 2 ER - TY - Generic T1 - AIP Conference Proceedings A multiscale description of failure in granular materials T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Hadda, Nejib A1 - François Nicot A1 - Sibille, Luc A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Tordesillas, Antoinette A1 - Darve, Félix ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

This paper presents conditions of initiation and development of failure in granular materials through a twodimensional discrete element model. General condition for the effective development of failure and its physical characteristics are recalled. Then relation between failure and the second order work expressed in terms of microscopic variables is discussed. Eventually, correspondence between a localized mode of failure marked with shear band patterns and space distribution of negative values of microscopic second-order work is investigated.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - AIP Conference ProceedingsTumbling sandpiles in a fluid T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Vincent Topin A1 - Perales, F. A1 - Yann Monerie ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

By means of contact dynamics simulations interfaced with computational fluid dynamics, we analyze the effect of a suspending fluid on the dynamics of collapse and spread of a granular column. We find that the runout distance increases as a power law with the aspect ratio of the column and, for a given aspect ratio, it may be the same in the grain-inertial and fluid-inertial regimes but with considerably longer duration in the latter case. We show that, in both viscous and fluid-inertial regimes, this behavior results from compensation between two effects of the fluid: 1) reduction of the kinetic energy during collapse and 2) enhancement of the flow by lubrication during spread.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - A benchmark for particle shape dependence T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Gael Combe A1 - Cécile Nouguier-Lehon A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Krzysztof Szarf A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Marie Chaze A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Pascal Villard A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Charles Voivret A1 - CEGEO Group ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

Particle shape is a major parameter for the space-filling and strength properties of granular materials. For a systematic investigation of shape effect, a numerical benchmark test was set up within a collaborative group using different numerical methods and particles of various shape characteristics such as elongation, angularity and nonconvexity. Extensive 2D shear simulations were performed in this framework and the shear strength and packing fraction were compared for different shapes. We show that the results may be analyzed in terms of a low-order shape parameter η describing the degree of distortion from a perfectly circular shape. In particular, the shear strength is an increasing function of η with nearly the same trend for all shapes, the differences being of second order compared to η. We also observe a nontrivial behavior of packing fraction which, for all our simulated shapes, increases with η from the random close packing fraction for disks, reaches a peak considerably higher than that for disks, and subsequently declines as η is further increased. Finally, the analysis of contact forces for the same value of η leads to very similar statistics regardless of our specific particle shapes.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Capillary states of granular materials in the funicular state T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

Using a multi-phase lattice Boltzmann model, we investigate the capillary states of a 2D granular packing gradually saturated by condensation from a homogeneously injected vapor phase. The internal stresses induced by surface tension and Laplace pressure are directly calculated from the forces acting on the grains with increasing amount of liquid. The evolution of cohesive strength with the amount of liquid reveals four different states reflecting the connectivity of the liquid phase and local grain environments. It increases in the pendular state, characterized by binary liquid bridges holding the grains together, and within the funicular state with an increasing number of liquid clusters connected to several grains. Beyond 40% of saturation, the cohesive strength falls off due to a decreasing Laplace pressure of liquid clusters.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cohesive granular materials composed of nonconvex particles JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2013 A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Philippe Sornay AB -

The macroscopic cohesion of granular materials made up of sticky particles depends on the particle shapes. We address this issue by performing contact dynamics simulations of 2D packings of nonconvex aggregates. We find that the macroscopic cohesion is strongly dependent on the strain and stress inhomogeneities developing inside the material. The largest cohesion is obtained for nearly homogeneous deformation at the beginning of unconfined axial compression and it evolves linearly with nonconvexity. Interestingly, the aggregates in a sheared packing tend to form more contacts with fewer neighboring aggregates as the degree of nonconvexity increases. We also find that shearing leads either to an isotropic distribution of tensile contacts or to the same privileged direction as that of compressive contacts.

VL - 87 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - Generic T1 - Comparison of the effects of rolling resistance and angularity in sheared granular media T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Taboada, Alfredo ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R KW - angularity KW - anisotropy KW - force distribution KW - Granular material KW - rolling resistance KW - Shear strength KW - solid fraction AB -

In this paper, we compare the effect of rolling resistance at the contacts in granular systems composed of disks with the effect of angularity in granular systems composed of regular polygonal particles. For this purpose, we use contact dynamics simulations. By means of a simple shear numerical device, we investigate the mechanical behavior of these materials in the steady state in terms of shear strength, solid fraction, force and fabric anisotropies, and probability distribution of contact forces. We find that, based on the energy dissipation associated with relative rotation between two particles in contact, the effect of rolling resistance can explicitly be identified with that of the number of sides in a regular polygonal particle. This finding supports the use of rolling resistance as a shape parameter accounting for particle angularity and shows unambiguously that one of the main influencing factors behind the mechanical behavior of granular systems composed of noncircular particles is the partial hindrance of rotations as a result of angular particle shape.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00842799 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and nanoindentation investigation of the crack tip process zone in marble JF - Acta Geotechnica Y1 - 2013 A1 - Brooks, Z. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Einstein, H. H. AB -

This study explores the interaction between crack initiation and nanomechanical properties in the crack-tip fracture process zone of Carrara marble. Specimens with preexisting cracks were loaded in a uniaxial testing machine until the process zone appeared at the tips of the preexisting cracks. ESEM analysis reveals an increase in microcrack density in the process zone with increased loading of the specimen. Nanoindentation testing comprised of lines and grids of single nanoindentations located both near and far from the process zone shows a decrease in both indentation modulus and indentation hardness near grain boundaries in intact material, and with closeness to the process zone. Ultimately, the study confirms that the crack-tip process zone manifests itself as an area of reduced indentation hardness and indentation modulus in marble.

VL - 8 IS - 3 JO - Acta Geotech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - ESEM Study of the Humidity-Induced Swelling of Clay Film JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2013 A1 - Benoit Carrier A1 - Wang, Linlin A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Bornert, Michel A1 - Tanguy, Alexandre A1 - Henri Van Damme AB -
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We measured the humidity-induced swelling of thin self-standing films of montmorillonite clay by a combination of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and digital image correlation (DIC). The films were about 40 μm thick. They were prepared by depositing and evaporating a suspension of clay and peeling off the highly oriented deposits. The rationale for creating such original samples was to obtain mesoscopic samples that could be used to bridge experimentally the gap between the scale of the clay layer and the engineering scale of a macroscopic clay sample. Several montmorillonite samples were used: the reference clay Swy-2, the same clay homoionized with sodium or calcium ions, and a sodium-exchanged Cloisite. The edges of the clay films were observed by ESEM at various relative humidity values between 14% and 95%. The ESEM images were then analyzed by DIC to measure the swelling or the shrinkage of the films. We also measured the adsorption/desorption isotherms by weighing the film samples in a humidity-controlled environment. In order to analyze our results, we compared our swelling/shrinkage and adsorption/desorption data with previously published data on the interlayer spacing obtained by X-ray diffraction and with numerical estimates of the interlayer water obtained by molecular dynamics simulation. The swelling and the hysteresis of this swelling were found to be comparable for the overall macroscopic films and for the interlayer space. The same correspondence between film and interlayer space was observed for the amount of adsorbed water. This suggests that, in the range of relative humidities values explored, the films behave like freely swelling oriented stacks of clay layers, without any significant contribution from the mesoporosity. The relevance of this result for the behavior of clayey sedimentary rocks and the differences with the behavior of nonoriented samples (powders or compacted powders) are briefly discussed.

VL - 29 IS - 41 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - First-principles molecular dynamics study of glassy GeS2: Atomic structure and bonding properties JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2013 A1 - Celino, M. A1 - Le Roux, S. A1 - Guido Ori A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Bouzid, A. A1 - Boero, M. A1 - Carlo Massobrio AB -

The structure of glassy GeS2 is studied in the framework of density functional theory, by using a fully self-consistent first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) scheme. A comparative analysis is performed with previous molecular dynamics data obtained within the Harris functional (HFMD) total energy approach. The calculated total neutron structure factor exhibits an unprecedented agreement with the experimental counterpart. In particular, the height of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) improves considerably upon the HFMD results. Both the Ge and the S subnetworks are affected by a consistent number of miscoordinations, coexisting with the main tetrahedral structural motif. Glassy GeS2 features a short-range order quite similar to the one found in glassy GeSe2, a notable exception being the larger number of edge-sharing connections. An electronic structure localization analysis, based on the Wannier functions formalism, provides evidence of a more enhanced ionic character in glassy GeS2 when compared to glassy GeS2.

VL - 88 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Gas uptake in solvents confined in mesopores: adsorption versus enhanced solubility JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Y1 - 2013 A1 - Linh Ngoc Ho A1 - Stéphanie Clauzier A1 - Schuurman, Yves A1 - David Farrusseng A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -
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Three molecular mechanisms for gas uptake in a solvent confined in mesopores are identified. On the one hand, CO2 uptake is an adsorption-driven phenomenon that arises from the strong interaction between the gas molecules and the pore surface. On the other hand, H2 uptake is a confinement-induced enhanced solubility in which solubility is favored in the regions of low solvent density formed by the layering of the solvent. In partially filled pores, adsorption at the gas/liquid solvent interface is a third mechanism that leads to large gas uptakes. This study, which sheds light on previously reported yet unclear oversolubility in pores, provides a guide to design hybrid porous catalysts consisting of a solvent confined in a porous solid.

VL - 4 IS - 14 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Granular plastic flow and fabric-based internal variables T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro Y1 - 2013 A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Stéphane Roux ED - Kenichi Soga ED - Krishna Kumar ED - Giovanna Biscontin ED - Kuo, Matthew AB -

A microscopic approach to the quasi-static flow of granular materials requires
fabric parameters pertaining to the contact network. We show that the plastic behavior of
granular materials is correctly predicted with the approximation of perfectly rigid particles
interacting via dissipative contacts as simulated by means of the contact dynamics method.
We investigate the correlations between macroscopic variables (internal friction angle and ...

JF - 3rd International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro PB - CRC Press CY - SEP 01-03-2014 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND VL - Geomechanics from Micro to Macro SN - 978-1-138-02707-7 UR - http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/book/10.1201/b17395http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b17395-3 ER - TY - Generic T1 - GRANULAR SLUMPING IN A FLUID : FOCUS ON RUNOUT DISTANCES T2 - 3rd International Conference on Particle-based Methods Y1 - 2013 A1 - Vincent Topin A1 - Yann Monerie A1 - Perales, F. ED - Bischoff, M ED - Ramm, E ED - Onate, E JF - 3rd International Conference on Particle-based Methods CY - SEP 18-20 2013 Stuttgart, GERMANY VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS III: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An interdisciplinary approach towards improved understanding of soil deformation during compaction JF - Soil and Tillage Research Y1 - 2013 A1 - Keller, T. A1 - Lamand, M. A1 - Peth, S. A1 - Berli, M. A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Baumgarten, W. A1 - Rabbel, W. A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Rajchenbach, J. A1 - Selvadurai, A.P.S. A1 - Or, D. AB -

Soil compaction not only reduces available pore volume in which fluids are stored, but it alters the arrangement of soil constituents and pore geometry, thereby adversely impacting fluid transport and a range of soil ecological functions. Quantitative understanding of stress transmission and deformation processes in arable soils remains limited. Yet such knowledge is essential for better predictions of effects of soil management practices such as agricultural field traffic on soil functioning. Concepts and theory used in agricultural soil mechanics (soil compaction and soil tillage) are often adopted from conventional soil mechanics (e.g. foundation engineering). However, in contrast with standard geotechnical applications, undesired stresses applied by agricultural tyres/tracks are highly dynamic and last for very short times. Moreover, arable soils are typically unsaturated and contain important secondary structures (e.g. aggregates), factors important for affecting their soil mechanical behaviour. Mechanical processes in porous media are not only of concern in soil mechanics, but also in other fields including geophysics and granular material science. Despite similarity of basic mechanical processes, theoretical frameworks often differ and reflect disciplinary focus. We review concepts from different but complementary fields concerned with porous media mechanics and highlight opportunities for synergistic advances in understanding deformation and compaction of arable soils. We highlight the important role of technological advances in non-destructive measurement methods at pore (X-ray tomography) and soil profile (seismic) scales that not only offer new insights into soil architecture and enable visualization of soil deformation, but are becoming instrumental in the development and validation of new soil compaction models. The integration of concepts underlying dynamic processes that modify soil pore spaces and bulk properties will improve the understanding of how soil management affect vital soil mechanical, hydraulic and ecological functions supporting plant growth.

VL - 128 JO - Soil and Tillage Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Large pressure enhancements in confined phases: effect of surface chemistry and roughness JF - J. Chem. Phys. Y1 - 2013 A1 - Yun Long A1 - Jeremy C. Palmer A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Malgorzata Sliwinska-Bartkowiak A1 - George Jackson A1 - Erich A. Mueller A1 - Keith E. Gubbins AB -

Experiments and simulations both suggest that the pressure experienced by an adsorbed phase confined within a carbon nanoporous material can be several orders of magnitude larger than the bulk phase pressure in equilibrium with the system. To investigate this pressure enhancement, we report a molecular-simulation study of the pressure tensor of argon confined in slit-shaped nanopores with walls of various models, including carbon and silica materials. We show that the pressure is strongly enhanced by confinement, arising from the effect of strongly attractive wall forces; confinement within purely repulsive walls does not lead to such enhanced pressures. Simulations with both the Lennard-Jones and Barker-Fisher-Watts intermolecular potentials for argon-argon interactions give rise to similar results. We also show that an increase in the wall roughness significantly decreases the in-pore pressure due to its influence on the structure of the adsorbate. Finally, we demonstrate that the pressures calculated from the mechanical (direct pressure tensor calculations) and the thermodynamic (volume perturbation method) routes yield almost identical results, suggesting that both methods can be used to calculate the local pressure tensor components in the case of these planar geometries.

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VL - 139 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mesoscopic Monte Carlo simulations of microstructure and conductivity of zirconia-based ceramics JF - J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. Y1 - 2013 A1 - P. Epicoco A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - A. Gioia A1 - P. Papet A1 - I. Cabodi A1 - M. Gaubil AB -

Zirconia-based refractories are ceramics that serve as furnaces for the production of high-quality speciality glasses. These materials are obtained by cooling a melt composed of different oxides and oxide precursors. The microstructure of these refractories consists of monoclinic zirconia embedded in a three-dimensional interconnected amorphous phase. Using mesoscopic Monte Carlo simulations, the present paper addresses the effect of the amount of amorphous phase and temperature on the microstructure of the material. The simulated microstructures resemble those obtained using tomography experiments. A theoretical model describing the electrical behavior of the material as a function of temperature and composition is also reported. In this model, the conductivity of the ZrO2 particles is assumed to be constant, but the overall conductivity of the sample depends on its tortuosity s. Comparison with experimental data suggests that the present model provides a realistic picture of the electrical behavior of zirconia-based ceramics and leads to quantitative predictions.

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VL - 61 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Micromechanical analysis of second order work in granular media JF - Granular Matter Y1 - 2013 A1 - Hadda, Nejib A1 - François Nicot A1 - Bourrier, Franck A1 - Sibille, Luc A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Darve, Félix AB -

This paper examines instabilities in granular materials from a microscopic point of view through numerical simulations conducted using a discrete element method on two three-dimensional specimens. The detection and the tracking of grain scale deformation mechanisms constitute the key point for a better understanding the failure process and puzzling out what lies behind the vanishing of the macroscopic second order work. For this purpose, the second order work from microscopic variables, involving contact force and branch vector, was introduced and tracked numerically. Then, all contacts depicting negative values of the second order work were deeply investigated, especially their spatial distribution (homogeneity, agglomeration, dispersion) within the specimen according to the density of the granular assembly and to the loading direction. A set of comparisons has been considered in this context in order to highlight how a specimen is populated with such contacts whether it is loaded along a direction included within the plastic tensorial zone or along a direction for which the specimen is likely to behave elastically (elastic tensorial zone). Moreover, these comparisons concerned also loading directions within the cone of instability so that links between the vanishing of both microscopic and macroscopic second order works can be established and the local mechanisms responsible for failure occurrence may be figured out.

VL - 15 IS - 2 JO - Granular Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular intermittent dynamics of interfacial water: probing adsorption and bulk confinement JF - Soft Matter Y1 - 2013 A1 - Pierre E. Levitz A1 - Patrick A Bonnaud A1 - Pierre-Andre Cazade A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Benoit A. Coasne AB -

Numerous natural and manufactured systems such as colloidal suspensions, geological pore networks, catalysts, and nanofluidic devices develop a large and sometimes complex interface strongly influencing the dynamics of the fluid entrapped inside these materials. A coarse grain picture of this molecular dynamics can be considered as an intermittence of adsorption steps and bulk relocations from one point to another point of the interface. Adsorption statistics such as the adsorption time distribution and its first moment reflect the degree of interaction of the molecule with the colloidal interface. Relocation statistics strongly depend on the shape of the pore, the surface forces and the bulk confinement. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of this intermittent dynamics is presented. A direct comparison with molecular dynamics simulations is proposed in the case of liquid water confined inside a hydrophilic substrate (silica slit pore with hydroxylated surfaces) or inside a hydrophobic substrate (carbon nanotube). Analysis of this intermittent dynamics allows quantification of the level of interaction of the vicinal water with the solid interface inside an independent adsorption region in exchange with the confined bulk fluid. The possibility of experimentally probing this dynamics using NMR relaxometry is emphasized.

VL - 9 IS - 36 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - On the molecular origin of high-pressure effects in nanoconfinement: The role of surface chemistry and roughness JF - Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2013 A1 - Yun Long A1 - Jeremy C. Palmer A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Malgorzata Sliwinska-Bartkowiak A1 - George Jackson A1 - Erich A. Mueller A1 - Keith E. Gubbins AB -

Experiments and simulations both suggest that the pressure experienced by an adsorbed phase confined within a carbon nanoporous material can be several orders of magnitude larger than the bulk phase pressure in equilibrium with the system. To investigate this pressure enhancement, we report a molecular-simulation study of the pressure tensor of argon confined in slit-shaped nanopores with walls of various models, including carbon and silica materials. We show that the pressure is strongly enhanced by confinement, arising from the effect of strongly attractive wall forces; confinement within purely repulsive walls does not lead to such enhanced pressures. Simulations with both the Lennard-Jones and Barker-Fisher-Watts intermolecular potentials for argon-argon interactions give rise to similar results. We also show that an increase in the wall roughness significantly decreases the in-pore pressure due to its influence on the structure of the adsorbate. Finally, we demonstrate that the pressures calculated from the mechanical (direct pressure tensor calculations) and the thermodynamic (volume perturbation method) routes yield almost identical results, suggesting that both methods can be used to calculate the local pressure tensor components in the case of these planar geometries. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

VL - 139 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular simulation of adsorption and transport in hierarchical porous materials JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2013 A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Anne Galarneau A1 - Gerardin, Corine A1 - Fajula, François A1 - François Villemot AB -

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Adsorption and transport in hierarchical porous solids with micro- (∼1 nm) and mesoporosities (>2 nm) are investigated by molecular simulation. Two models of hierarchical solids are considered: microporous materials in which mesopores are carved out (model A) and mesoporous materials in which microporous nanoparticles are inserted (model B). Adsorption isotherms for model A can be described as a linear combination of the adsorption isotherms for pure mesoporous and microporous solids. In contrast, adsorption in model B departs from adsorption in pure microporous and mesoporous solids; the inserted microporous particles act as defects, which help nucleate the liquid phase within the mesopore and shift capillary condensation toward lower pressures. As far as transport under a pressure gradient is concerned, the flux in hierarchical materials consisting of microporous solids in which mesopores are carved out obeys the Navier–Stokes equation so that Darcy’s law is verified within the mesopore. Moreover, the flow in such materials is larger than in a single mesopore, due to the transfer between micropores and mesopores. This nonzero velocity at the mesopore surface implies that transport in such hierarchical materials involves slippage at the mesopore surface, although the adsorbate has a strong affinity for the surface. In contrast to model A, flux in model B is smaller than in a single mesopore, as the nanoparticles act as constrictions that hinder transport. By a subtle effect arising from fast transport in the mesopores, the presence of mesopores increases the number of molecules in the microporosity in hierarchical materials and, hence, decreases the flow in the micropores (due to mass conservation). As a result, we do not observe faster diffusion in the micropores of hierarchical materials upon flow but slower diffusion, which increases the contact time between the adsorbate and the surface of the microporosity.

VL - 29 IS - 25 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular simulations of supercritical fluid permeation through disordered microporous carbons JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2013 A1 - Botan, Alexandru A1 - Vermorel, Romain A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
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Fluid transport through microporous carbon-based materials is inherent in numerous applications, ranging from gas separation by carbon molecular sieves to natural gas production from coal seams and gas shales. The present study investigates the steady-state permeation of supercritical methane in response to a constant cross-membrane pressure drop. We performed dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulations to mimic the conditions of actual permeation experiments. To overcome arbitrary assumptions regarding the investigated porous structures, the membranes were modeled after the CS1000a and CS1000 molecular models, which are representative of real microporous carbon materials. When adsorption-induced molecular trapping (AIMT) mechanisms are negligible, we show that the permeability of the microporous material, although not significantly sensitive to the pressure gradient, monotonically decreases with temperature and reservoir pressures, consistent with diffusion theory. However, when AIMT occurs, the permeability increases with temperature in agreement with experimental data found in the literature.

VL - 29 IS - 32 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanofluidic Osmotic Diodes: Theory and Molecular Dynamics Simulations JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2013 A1 - Picallo, Clara B A1 - Simon Gravelle A1 - Joly, Laurent A1 - Charlaix, Elisabeth A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

Osmosis describes the flow of water across semipermeable membranes powered by the chemical free energy extracted from salinity gradients. While osmosis can be expressed in simple terms via the van ’t Hoff ideal gas formula for the osmotic pressure, it is a complex phenomenon taking its roots in the subtle interactions occurring at the scale of the membrane nanopores. Here we use new opportunities offered by nanofluidic systems to create an osmotic diode exhibiting asymmetric water flow under reversal of osmotic driving. We show that a surface charge asymmetry built on a nanochannel surface leads to nonlinear couplings between water flow and the ion dynamics, which are capable of water flow rectification. This phenomenon opens new opportunities for water purification and complex flow control in nanochannels.

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VL - 111 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanoindentation investigation of creep properties of calcium silicate hydrates JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2013 A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The creep properties of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) are assessed by means of nanoindentation creep experiments on a wide range of substoichiometric cement pastes. We observe that, after a few seconds, the measured creep compliance of C-S-H is very well captured by a logarithmic time function. The rate of the logarithmic creep is found to scale in a unique manner with indentation modulus, indentation hardness, and packing density, independent of processing, mix proportions, indenter geometry and load history. The comparison with macroscopic creep experiments on concrete shows that minutes-long nanoindentations enable a quantitative assessment of the long-term creep properties of cementitious materials, orders of magnitude faster than macroscopic testing. Finally, we show that a strong analogy exists between this logarithmic creep behavior of C-S-H and that of soils, which suggests a granular origin of creep of geomaterials.

Typical measurement of variation Δh(t) in penetration depth during the creep ...

Coefficient γ governing the linear part of the fitting function (16) versus (a) ...

VL - 52 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nano-mechanical properties of starch and gluten biopolymers from atomic force microscopy JF - European Polymer Journal Y1 - 2013 A1 - Chichti, Emna A1 - George, Matthieu A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Valérie Lullien-Pellerina AB -

An original method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode was developed to abrade progressively the surface of tablets made of starch or gluten polymers isolated from wheat. The volume of the material removed by the tip was estimated from the analysis of successive topographic images of the surface, and the shear force was measured by keeping a constant normal force. Our data together with a simple tribological model provide clear evidence for a higher hardness and shear strength of starch compared to gluten. Gluten appears to have mechanical properties close to soft materials, such as talc, whereas starch displays higher hardness close to calcite. Our results are in a better agreement with structural properties of gluten (complex protein network) and starch (granular and semi-cristalline structure) than earlier studies by micro-indentation. This work shows that the AFM scratching method is relevant for the characterization of any polymer surface, in particular in application to materials made of different polymers at the nano-scale.

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VL - 49 IS - 12 JO - European Polymer Journal ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Optimizing water permeability through the hourglass shape of aquaporins JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2013 A1 - Simon Gravelle A1 - Joly, Laurent A1 - Detcheverry, François A1 - Christophe Ybert A1 - Cottin-Bizonne, Cécile A1 - Lydéric Bocquet AB -

The ubiquitous aquaporin channels are able to conduct water across cell membranes, combining the seemingly antagonist functions of a very high selectivity with a remarkable permeability. Whereas molecular details are obvious keys to perform these tasks, the overall efficiency of transport in such nanopores is also strongly limited by viscous dissipation arising at the connection between the nanoconstriction and the nearby bulk reservoirs. In this contribution, we focus on these so-called entrance effects and specifically examine whether the characteristic hourglass shape of aquaporins may arise from a geometrical optimum for such hydrodynamic dissipation. Using a combination of finite-element calculations and analytical modeling, we show that conical entrances with suitable opening angle can indeed provide a large increase of the overall channel permeability. Moreover, the optimal opening angles that maximize the permeability are found to compare well with the angles measured in a large variety of aquaporins. This suggests that the hourglass shape of aquaporins could be the result of a natural selection process toward optimal hydrodynamic transport. Finally, in a biomimetic perspective, these results provide guidelines to design artificial nanopores with optimal performances.

VL - 110 IS - 41 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Packings of irregular polyhedral particles: Strength, structure, and effects of angularity JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2013 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Dubois, Frédéric AB -

We present a systematic numerical investigation of the shear strength and structure of granular packings composed of irregular polyhedral particles. The angularity of the particles is varied by increasing the number of faces from 8 (octahedronlike shape) to 596. We find that the shear strength increases with angularity up to a maximum value and saturates as the particles become more angular (below 46 faces). At the same time, the packing fraction increases to a peak value but declines for more angular particles. We analyze the connectivity and anisotropy of the microstructure by considering both the contacts and branch vectors joining particle centers. The increase of the shear strength with angularity is shown to be due to a net increase of the fabric and force anisotropies but at higher particle angularity a rapid falloff of the fabric anisotropy is compensated by an increase of force anisotropy, leading thus to the saturation of shear strength.

VL - 8713 IS - 6 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - Generic T1 - Penetration strength of coarse granular materials from DEM simulations T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Saussine, Gilles A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

Field tests are widely used for soil characterization in geotechnical applications in spite of implementation difficulties. The light penetrometer test is a well-known testing tool for fine soils, but the physical interpretation of the output data in the case of coarse granular materials is far less evident. In fact, the data are considerably more sensitive to various parameters such as fabric structure, particles shape or the applied impact energy. In order to achieve a better understanding of the underlying phenomena, we performed a numerical study by means contact dynamics DEM simulations. We consider the penetration of a moving tip into a sample composed of irregular grain shapes and we analyze the influence of the driving velocity and applied energy on the penetration strength. We find that the latter grows with both the penetration rate and energy. Force fluctuations on the tip involve a jamming-unjamming process. The typology of contact network and inter-granular friction play a major role in the fluctuations and measured values of the cone penetration strength.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quasistatic rheology and microstructural description of sheared granular materials composed of platy particles JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2013 A1 - Boton, Mauricio A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Lizcano, Arcesio AB -

This is the first paper of a series devoted to the micro-mechanical modeling of clayey soils, by means of discrete element simulations. We specifically focus here on the effect of the platy shape of particles by reducing the interactions between particles to mechanical contact forces (i.e., neither electrostatic repulsion nor van der Waals forces are taken into account). The particles are three-dimensional square plates, approximated as spheropolyhedra. Several samples composed of particles of different levels of platyness (related to the ratio of length to thickness) were numerically prepared and sheared up to large deformations. We analyzed the shear strength, packing fraction, orientation of the particles, connectivity, fabric of the interactions network, and interaction forces as functions of the platyness. We find that both the mechanical behavior and microstructure are strongly dependent on the degree of platyness. The principal underlying phenomenon is the alignment of particle faces along a particular direction. This ordering phenomenon, which emerges even for shapes that deviate only slightly from that of a sphere, enhances the ability of the packing to develop an anisotropic structure leading to large shear strength, especially as a consequence of the fabric and mobilization of friction forces. Moreover, the connectivity of the packings and their packing fraction also evolve with the platyness. In particular, the packing fraction evolves in a nonmonotonic fashion, as observed in other granular materials composed of elongated or angular particles.

VL - 87 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Reactive elastomeric composites: When rubber meets cement JF - Composites Science and Technology Y1 - 2013 A1 - Robisson, Agathe A1 - Sudeep Maheshwar A1 - Musso, Simone A1 - Jeffrey J. Thomas A1 - Auzerais, Francois M. A1 - Han, Dingzhi A1 - Qu, Meng A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This paper describes a novel reactive composite material comprised of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) compounded with slag cement. The composite initially looks and behaves like rubber, but when exposed to water it simultaneously swells and stiffens due to hydration of the cement component. The material eventually reaches a stiffness that is intermediate between that of HNBR and hydrated cement, while maintaining a relatively large ductility that is more characteristic of rubber. This behavior, which is ideal for sealing applications, differentiates this material from conventional swellable materials that become less stiff upon swelling. The development of this new type of material was motivated by the requirements of oilfield zonal isolation, where alternatives to cement are needed for some challenging sealing applications. A mechanism for the swelling and stiffening of the reactive composite is proposed: water diffuses into the HNBR matrix and is converted to bound water through hydration reactions with the cement, causing the effective solid filler content of the composite to increase. A model is proposed that treats the composite as a cellular solid with a continuous filler phase (hydrated cement). This model is able to reproduce the observed increase in the elastic modulus with time during exposure to water.

Elastic modulus ratio (current/initial) as a function of swelling, for HNBR ...

Kinetics of swelling of all three materials during approximately 1month of ...

Evolution of the elastic modulus of all three materials during approximately ...

Tensile stress–strain curves for HNBR-cement (61–39% by volume, pre-exposure) ...

Schematic of the hydration process occurring inside the HNBR-cement material, ...

SEM images of HNBR-cement material before (left) and after (right) hydration. It ...

VL - 75 JO - Composites Science and Technology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rheology of three-dimensional packings of aggregates: Microstructure and effects of nonconvexity JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2013 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Philippe Sornay AB -

We use 3D contact dynamics simulations to analyze the rheological properties of granular materials composed of rigid aggregates. The aggregates are made from four overlapping spheres and described by a nonconvexity parameter depending on the relative positions of the spheres. The macroscopic and microstructural properties of several sheared packings are analyzed as a function of the degree of nonconvexity of the aggregates. We find that the internal angle of friction increases with nonconvexity. In contrast, the packing fraction increases first to a maximum value but declines as nonconvexity further increases. At high level of nonconvexity, the packings are looser but show a higher shear strength. At the microscopic scale, the fabric and force anisotropy, as well as friction mobilization are enhanced by multiple contacts between aggregates and interlocking, revealing thus the mechanical and geometrical origins of shear strength.

VL - 87 IS - 5 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of temperature in the formation and growth of gold monoatomic chains: A molecular dynamics study JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2013 A1 - Robinson Cortes-Huerto A1 - T. Sondon A1 - Andres Saùl AB -

The effect of temperature on the formation and growth of monoatomic chains is investigated by extensive molecular dynamics simulations using a semiempirical potential based on the second-moment approximation to the tight-binding Hamiltonian. Gold nanowires, with an aspect ratio of 13 and a cross section of 1 nm2, are stretched at a rate of 3 m/s in the range of temperatures 5–600 K with 50 initial configurations per temperature. A detailed study on the probability to form monoatomic chains (MACs) is presented. Two domains are apparent in our simulations: one at T<100 K, where MACs develop from crystalline disorder at the constriction, and the other at T>100 K, where MACs form as a consequence of plastic deformation of the nanowire. Our results show that the average length of the formed MACs maximizes at T=150 K, which is supported by simple energy arguments.

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VL - 88 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Settlement statistics of a granular layer composed of polyhedral particles T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Saussine, Gilles A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

We use 3D contact dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanical equilibrium and settlement of a granular material composed of irregular polyhedral particles confined between two horizontal frictional planes. We show that, as a consequence of mobilized wall-particle friction force at the top and bottom boundaries, the transient deformation induced by a constant vertical load increment is controlled by the aspect ratio (thickness over width) of the packing as well as the stress ratio. The transient deformation declines considerably for increasingly smaller aspect ratios and grows with the stress ratio. From the simulation data for a large number of independent configurations, we find that sample-to-sample fluctuations of the deformation have a broad distribution and they scale with the average deformation.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Shear strength and microstructure of 3D assemblies of platy particles T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Boton, Mauricio A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Lizcano, Arcesio ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R KW - Clays KW - DEM KW - Microstructure KW - Shear strength AB -

As a first step towards particle-scale modeling of clayey soils, we investigate the mechanical behavior and microstructure of assemblies of three-dimensional rectangular platy particles by means of the discrete element method. Several samples composed of particles of different levels of platyness (ratio of width to thickness) were numerically prepared and sheared to large deformations. We analyze the shear strength, packing fraction, connectivity, contact and force anisotropies, and mobilization of friction forces as functions of platyness.We find that both the mechanical behavior and microstructure are strongly dependent on the degree of platyness. This happens, in particular, because of the alignment of particle faces along a particular direction. Additionally, as observed for other granular materials with complex shapes, the packing fraction passes by a peak value before decreasing for larger values of platyness.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00842787 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Shear strength, force distributions and friction mobilization in sheared packings composed of angular particles T2 - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Yu, A ED - Dong, K ED - Yang, R AB -

In this paper, we explore the effect of particle shape angularity on the mechanical behavior of sheared granular packings. A first series of contact dynamics simulations is performed in 2D with regular polygons with an increasing number of sides ranging from 3 (triangles) to 60. Then, in order to approach “idealized” angular particles, a second series of simulations is performed in 3D with irregular polyhedra with the number of faces ranging from 8 (octahedron-like) to 596. A counterintuitive finding is that the shear strength increases with angularity up to a maximum value and saturates as the particles become more angular (below 6 sides in 2D and 46 faces in 3D). A micromechanical analysis of force and contact orientations, all enhanced by face-face and face-side contacts, reveals that this increase is due to an increase of both contact and force anisotropies, and the saturation for higher angularities is a consequence of a rapid fall-off of the contact and normal force anisotropies compensated by an increase of the tangential force anisotropy.

JF - 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (Powders and Grains) PB - AIP CY - JUL 08-12 2013 Sydney, AUSTRALIA VL - Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Simple views on surface stress and surface energy concepts JF - Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Y1 - 2013 A1 - Müller, Pierre A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - Leroy, Frédéric AB -

Some aspects of the thermodynamics and mechanics of solid surfaces, in particular with respect to surface stress and surface energy, are reviewed. The purpose is to enlighten the deep differences between these two physical quantities. We consider successively the case of atomic flat surfaces and the case of vicinal surfaces characterized by surface stress discontinuities. Finally, experimental examples, concerning Si surfaces, are described.

VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Strength Homogenization of Double-Porosity Cohesive-Frictional Solids JF - Journal of Applied Mechanics Y1 - 2013 A1 - J. Alberto Ortega A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The strength homogenization of cohesive-frictional solids influenced by the presence of two pressurized pore spaces of different characteristic sizes is addressed in this study. A two-scale homogenization model is developed based on limit analysis and the second-order method (SOM) in linear comparison composite theory, which resolves the nonlinear strength behavior through the use of linear comparison composites with optimally chosen properties. For the scale of the classical configuration of a porous solid, the formulation employs a compressible thermoelastic comparison composite to deliver closed-form expressions of strength criteria. Comparisons with numerical results reveal that the proposed homogenization estimates for drained conditions are adequate except for high triaxialities in the mean compressive strength regime. At the macroscopic scale of the double-porosity material, the SOM results are in agreement with strength criteria predicted by alternative micromechanics solutions for materials with purely cohesive solid matrices and drained conditions. The model predictions for the cohesive-frictional case show that drained strength development in granularlike composites is affected by the partitioning of porosity between micro-and macropores. In contrast, the drained strength is virtually equivalent for single-and double-porosity materials with matrix-inclusion morphologies. Finally, the second-order linear comparison composite approach confirms the applicability of an effective stress concept, previously proposed in the literature of homogenization of cohesive-frictional porous solids, for double-porosity materials subjected to similar pressures in the two pore spaces. For dissimilar pore pressures, the model analytically resolves the complex interplays of microstructure, solid properties, and volume fractions of phases, which cannot be recapitulated by the effective stress concept.

VL - 80 IS - 2 JO - J. Appl. Mech. ER - TY - CONF T1 - Water Isotherms, Shrinkage and Creep of Cement Paste: Hypotheses, Models and Experiments T2 - Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete: A Tribute to Zdenek P. Bażant Y1 - 2013 A1 - Hamlin M. Jennings A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Pinson, Matthew B A1 - Strekalova, Elena G A1 - Patrick A Bonnaud A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Qing Ji A1 - Jeffrey J. Thomas A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - others AB -

Cement paste has a complex mesoscale structure, and small changes in its pore network potentially cause large variation in measurements such as the water isotherm (also nitrogen). We deconvolute the water isotherm with the help of advanced computational techniques, hypotheses, and a re-examination of published data. The pore system is divided into four different categories, each containing water with its own physical properties. By viewing the highly interdependent roles of water in each of the pore categories as a system, new insights are gained regarding possible mechanisms that control drying, shrinkage, and creep, and experimental strategies for verification.

JF - Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete: A Tribute to Zdenek P. Bażant PB - ASCE Publications ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Water self-diffusion at the surface of silica glasses: effect of hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition JF - Molecular Physics Y1 - 2013 A1 - Bertrand Siboulet A1 - Molina, J. A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Turq, P. A1 - Jean-Francois Dufreche AB -

We study water dynamics at a silica aqueous interface. Both hydrophilic (hydroxylated) surfaces and hydrophobic surfaces (dehydroxylated upon irradiation) have been generated from atomistic simulations. A new method for the calculation of the normal self-diffusion coefficients based on the calculation of mean first passage times is proposed. It uses the Smoluchowski theory of Brownian motion and it takes proper account of the layering of the molecules. In the case of parallel self-diffusion coefficients, a decrease is found compared to the bulk values. It can be described in terms of hydrodynamic boundary conditions induced by the surface confinement. This hydrodynamic explanation is not enough to interpret the case of normal self-diffusion coefficients for which an important diminution is found. Normal self-diffusion coefficients appear to depend strongly on the hydrophilicity of the surface. They tend towards their bulk value only at long distances from the surfaces. The first layer of water molecules is found to be partially adsorbed.

VL - 111 IS - 22-23 JO - Molecular Physics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Collapse Dynamics and Runout of Dense Granular Materials in a Fluid JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2012 A1 - Vincent Topin A1 - Yann Monerie A1 - Perales, F. A1 - Farhang Radjaï VL - 109 IS - 18 JO - Phys. Rev. Lett. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparison of computational water models for simulation of calcium-silicate-hydrate JF - Computational Materials Science Y1 - 2012 A1 - Qing Ji A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Krystyn J. Van Vliet KW - C-S-H KW - Cement KW - Simulation KW - Water model AB -

Calcium silicate hydrate, or C-S-H, is the chief hydration product of Portland cement. The structure of the C-S-H phase within cement has been proposed and developed via molecular simulations. In such simulations, empirical interatomic potentials for water molecules within C-S-H are adopted to govern the position and relative motion of this key constituent. Initial simulations and force fields of C-S-H have assumed the simplest molecular model of H2O termed ``single point charge{''} or SPC, but this choice has not been validated by comparison with other computational models of water that confer additional bond flexibility or charge distribution. To enable efficiently computational modeling of C-S-H and to explore the role that H2O plays in maintaining C-S-H structure and properties, the choice of an efficient and accurate water model is critical. Here, we consider five distinct, classical atomistic water models (SPC, TIP3P, TIP4P, TIP4P05, and TIP5P) to determine the effects of these computational simplifications on C-S-H properties. Quantitative comparison of all five water models shows that the appropriate water model depends on the C-S-H characteristics of interest. Among these models, both SPC and TIP5P models successfully predict key properties of the structure and elastic constants of C-S-H, as well as the dynamics of water molecules within C-S-H. (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Schematics of (a) five water models and (b) calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) ...

Comparison of C–S–H structural characteristics. (a) Unit cell dimensions, where ...

Comparison of C–S–H dynamic characteristics. (a) Infrared absorption spectrum ...

Comparison of C–S–H elastic properties. (a) Elastic constants and the relative ...

VL - 53 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Concrete Innovation Potential: From Atoms to Green Infrastructure JF - Beton- UND Stahlbetonbau Y1 - 2012 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Concrete Innovation Potential: From Atoms to Green Infrastructure The sustainable development of concrete opens new possibilities for concrete engineers. This contribution aims at identifying the innovation potential of concrete for a sustainable development. It is shown that breakthroughs in Materials Science of concrete release new degrees of freedom for design and construction of concrete infrastructure that can contribute to reducing the material's ecological footprint. Integrated in a Life-Cycle Analysis of concrete structures, which considers both the embodied energy and the use phase, acomprehensive picture is obtained how molecular and nanometric modifications can contribute to a sustainable development of concrete. Given the more than 20 million tons of concrete produced annually, it is readily understood that new intellectual challenges are opening for concrete engineers to design buildings not only for function and safety but as well for ecological soundness.

VL - 107 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Confined water dissociation in microporous defective silicates: Mechanism, dipole distribution, and impact on substrate properties JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Moeini, Sina A1 - Marinelli, Francis A1 - Adri CT Van Duin A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
Abstract Image

Interest in microporous materials has risen in recent years, as they offer a confined environment that is optimal to enhance chemical reactions. Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, the main component of cement, presents a layered structure with sub-nanometer-size disordered pores filled with water and cations. The size of the pores and the hydrophilicity of the environment make C-S-H gel an excellent system to study the possibility of confined water reactions. To investigate it, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations using the ReaxFF force field. The results show that water does dissociate to form hydroxyl groups. We have analyzed the water dissociation mechanism, as well as the changes in the structure and water affinity of the C-S-H matrix and water polarization, comparing the results with the behavior of water in a defective zeolite. Finally, we establish a relationship between water dissociation in C-S-H gel and the increase of hardness due to a transformation from a two- to a three-dimensional structure.

VL - 134 IS - 4 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Effect of Particle Shape non-Convexity on the Rheology of Granular Media : 3D Contact Dynamics Simulations T2 - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) Y1 - 2012 A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Philippe Sornay ED - Onate, E ED - Owen, DRJ KW - force transmission KW - Granular Materials KW - non-convexity KW - particle shape KW - texture AB -

We analyze the effect of particle shape non-convexity on the quasi-static behavior of granular materials by means of contact dynamics simulations. The particles are regular aggregates of four overlapping spheres described by a nonconvexity parameter depending on the relative positions of the particles. Several packings are first submitted to isotropic compression without friction. We find that, as in 2D, the solid fraction of isotropic packings increases with non-convexity up to a maximum value and then declines to be nearly equal to that of a packing composed of only spheres. It is also remarkable that the coordination number increases quickly and saturates so that the packings composed of grains with a high level of nonconvexity are looser but more strongly connected. Then, the quasi-static behavior, structural and force anisotropies are analyzed by subjecting each packing to a triaxial compression. We find that the shear strength increases with non-convexity. We show that this increase results from the presence of multiple contacts between trimers leading to enhanced frictional interlocking.

JF - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) CY - OCT 26-28 2011 Barcelona, SPAIN VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS II: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00686453 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Enhanced CO2 solubility in hybrid adsorbents: optimization of solid support and solvent properties for CO2 capture JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C Y1 - 2012 A1 - Linh Ngoc Ho A1 - Perez-Pellitero, Javier A1 - Porcheron, Fabien A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
Abstract Image

In this study, we optimize the CO2 adsorption performance of hybrid adsorbents prepared by confining physical solvents in porous solid supports. A number of prospective solid supports and physical solvents are chosen to prepare hybrid adsorbents, and are subsequently evaluated in CO2 adsorption experiments. Generally, all the hybrid adsorbents show an enhancement of CO2 solubility compared to the bulk physical solvent. However, not all the adsorbents positively display an improvement in the CO2 adsorption performance as compared with the original solids after confining the physical solvent into the solids’ pore. The micropore blocking effect is observed in the impregnated forms of zeolite, activated carbon, silicagel, and cecagel. Furthermore, we have obtained certain requisites for a good solid support, as efficient structures should be mesoporous with large surface area. In addition, there is an optimized solvent’s size to achieve an optimized enhanced solubility. As a result, among the candidates, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone confined in MCM-41 and alumina are identified as the most suitable hybrid adsorbents for an effective CO2-removal application.

VL - 116 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Evidence on the Dual Nature of Aluminum in the Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates Based on Atomistic Simulations JF - Journal of the American Ceramic Society Y1 - 2012 A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Hydration of tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and di-calcium silicate (C2S) precipitates calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) which is the bonding phase responsible for the strength of cementitious materials. Substitution of part of C3S and C2S with aluminum-containing additives alters the chemical composition of hydration products by precipitating calcium-aluminate-silicate-hydrate (CASH). Incorporation of aluminum in the molecular building blocks of CSH entails structural and chemo-mechanical consequences. These alterations can be measured through solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. By conducting a wide spectrum of atomistic simulation methods on thousands of aluminum-containing molecular CASH structures, an overall molecular approach for determination of CASH nanostructure is presented. Through detailed analysis of different order parameters, it is found that aluminum can exhibit a tetra-/penta-/octahedral behavior which is fully consistent with the recent NMR observations. This corresponds to the formation of a class of complex three-dimensional alumino-silicate skeletons with partial healing effect in the CASH nanostructure potentially increasing durability and strength of hydration products. We explored the variation of mechanical observables by increasing aluminum content in CASH structures of varying calcium to silicon ratio. Finally, deformation of CSHs and CASHs of different chemical formula in a multi-scale fashion unravels the effect of chemical composition on the strength and kinematics of deformation in this particular type of composites.

VL - 95 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Experimental determination of the fracture toughness via microscratch tests: Application to polymers, ceramics, and metals JF - Journal of Materials Research Y1 - 2012 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Randall, Nicholas X. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This article presents a novel microscratch technique for the determination of the fracture toughness of materials from scratch data. While acoustic emission and optical imaging devices provide quantitative evidence of fracture processes during scratch tests, the technique proposed here provides a quantitative means to assess the fracture toughness from the recorded forces and depth of penetration. We apply the proposed method to a large range of materials, from soft (polymers) to hard (metal), spanning fracture toughness values over more than two orders of magnitude. The fracture toughness values so obtained are in excellent agreement with toughness values obtained for the same materials by conventional fracture tests. The fact that the proposed microscratch technique is highly reproducible, almost nondestructive, and requires only small material volumes makes this technique a powerful tool for the assessment of fracture properties for microscale materials science and engineering applications.

 
VL - 27 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fabric evolution and accessible geometrical states in granular materials JF - Granular Matter Y1 - 2012 A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Stéphane Roux AB -

We analyze the geometrical states of granular materials by means of a fabric tensor involving the coordination number and fabric anisotropy as the lowest-order descriptors of the contact network. In particular, we show that the fabric states in this representation are constrained by steric exclusions and the condition of mechanical equilibrium required in the quasi-static limit. A simple model, supported by numerical data, allows us to characterize the range of accessible fabric states and the joint evolution of fabric parameters. The critical state in this framework appears as a jammed state in the sense of a saturation of contact gain and loss along the principal strain-rate directions.

VL - 14 IS - 2 SI JO - Granular Matter ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Force chains and contact network topology in sheared packings of elongated particles JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2012 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of contact dynamic simulations, we investigate the contact network topology and force chains in two-dimensional packings of elongated particles modeled by rounded-cap rectangles. The morphology of large packings of elongated particles in quasistatic equilibrium is complex due to the combined effects of local nematic ordering of the particles and orientations of contacts between particles. We show that particle elongation affects force distributions and force/fabric anisotropy via various local structures allowed by steric exclusions and the requirement of force balance. As a result, the force distributions become increasingly broader as particles become more elongated. Interestingly, the weak force network transforms from a passive stabilizing agent with respect to strong force chains to an active force-transmitting network for the whole system. The strongest force chains are carried by side/side contacts oriented along the principal stress direction.

VL - 85 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fracture scaling relations for scratch tests of axisymmetric shape JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2012 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Scratch testing and scratch test analysis continues to gain momentum in Applied Mechanics, due to the possibility offered by this method to assess fracture properties at very fine scales. In this paper, we derive general scratch force scaling relations for axisymmetric scratch probes defined by single variable monomial functions. These relations are used to define fracture criteria with and without consideration of the development of shear stresses at the probe–material interface. The approach is illustrated for common scratch probe geometries: conical probe, flat punch, and hemi-spherical probe. Application of the proposed method to micro-scratch tests on two materials (an aluminum alloy and a thermoplastic polymer) using a Rockwell probe (a conical probe ending in a hemi-spherical shape) illustrates the versatility of the approach: First, the scratch force-depth scaling relations provide a means to determine the degree of the homogeneous function characterizing the scratch probe. Second, the fracture criteria enable an experimental assessment of the fracture toughness. The good agreement between the fracture toughness determined by scratching and values reported in the open literature show the potential of the proposed method for determining fracture properties of materials at even smaller scales.

Fig.1. Axisymmetric scratch probe geometry

Fig.2. Scaling of the normalized fracture force and the perimeter function, β, of the…

Fig.3. Forces in three scratch tests on aluminum alloy 2024 (AA 2024) obtained with a…

Fig.4. Fracture toughness determination from the scratch response of AA 2024 with a…

Fig.5. Response and analysis of three scratch tests on a thermoplastic polymer (Delrin…

 
VL - 60 IS - 3 JO - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Hydration of calcium oxide surface predicted by reactive force field molecular dynamics JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Markus J Buehler A1 - Adri CT Van Duin AB -
Abstract Image

In this work, we present the parametrization of Ca–O/H interactions within the reactive force field ReaxFF, and its application to study the hydration of calcium oxide surface. The force field has been fitted using density functional theory calculations on gas phase calcium–water clusters, calcium oxide bulk and surface properties, calcium hydroxide, bcc and fcc Ca, and proton transfer reactions in the presence of calcium. Then, the reactive force field has been used to study the hydration of the calcium oxide {001} surface with different water contents. Calcium oxide is used as a catalyzer in many applications such as CO2 sequestration and biodiesel production, and the degree of surface hydroxylation is a key factor in its catalytic performance. The results show that the water dissociates very fast on CaO {001} bare surfaces without any defect or vacancy. The surface structure is maintained up to a certain amount of water, after which the surface undergoes a structural rearrangement, becoming a disordered calcium hydroxyl layer. This transformation is the most probable reason for the CaO catalytic activity decrease.

VL - 28 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mechanistic Approach to Pavement-Vehicle Interaction and Its Impact on Life-Cycle Assessment JF - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Y1 - 2012 A1 - Mehdi Akbarian A1 - Moeini-Ardakani, Seyed A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Nazzal, Munir AB -

The accuracy and the comprehensiveness of any pavement life-cycle assessment are limited by the ability of the supporting science to quantify the environmental impact. Pavement-vehicle interaction represents a significant knowledge gap that has important implications for many pavement life-cycle assessment studies. In the current study, the authors assumed that a mechanistic model that linked pavement structure and properties to fuel consumption could contribute to closing the uncertainty gap of pavement-vehicle interaction in life-cycle assessment of pavements. The simplest mechanistic pavement model, a Bernoulli-Euler beam on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to a moving load, was considered. Wave propagation properties derived from falling weight deflectometer time history data of FHWA's Long-Term Pavement Performance program were used to calibrate top-layer and substrate moduli for various asphalt and concrete systems. The model was validated against recorded deflection data. The mechanistic response was used to determine gradient force and rolling resistance to link deflection to vehicle fuel consumption. A comparison with independent field data provided realistic order-of-magnitude estimates of fuel consumption related to pavement-vehicle interaction as predicted by the model.

IS - 2306 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board ER - TY - Generic T1 - Microscopic Origins of Shear Strength in Packings Composed of Elongated Particles T2 - 9th International Workshop on Bifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) Y1 - 2012 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï ED - Stéphane Bonelli ED - Dascalu, Cristian ED - François Nicot KW - Elongated particles KW - Fabric properties KW - force transmission KW - Harmonic decomposition AB -

We investigate the rheology, force transmission and texture of granular materials composed of elongated particles by means of contact dynamics simulations. The particles have a rounded-cap rectangular (RCR) shape described by a single elongation parameter varying from 0 for a circular particle to 1 for an infinitely thin or long particle. We study the quasi-static behavior, structural and force anisotropies as a function of the elongation parameter for packings submitted to biaxial compression. The shear strength is found to increase linearly with this parameter whereas the solid fraction both at the initial isotropic state and in the critical state is nonmonotonous. We show that for these elongated particles a harmonic decomposition of the stress tensor provides a fairly good approximation of the internal state. Our data suggest that the increase of shear strength with reflects both enhanced friction mobilization and anisotropic particle orientation as the elongation of the particles increases.

JF - 9th International Workshop on Bifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) CY - MAY 23-26 2011 Porquerolles, FRANCE VL - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering - ADVANCES IN BIFURCATION AND DEGRADATION IN GEOMATERIALS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00686728 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanochemomechanical assessment of shale: a coupled WDS-indentation analysis JF - Acta Geotechnica Y1 - 2012 A1 - Deirieh, A. A1 - J. Alberto Ortega A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Younane N. Abousleiman AB -

Establishing the links between the composition, microstructure and mechanics of shale continues to be a formidable challenge for the geomechanics community. In this study, a robust methodology is implemented to access the in situ chemomechanics of this sedimentary rock at micrometer length scales. Massive grids of coupled wave dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and instrumented indentation experiments were performed over representative material surfaces to accommodate the highly heterogeneous composition and microstructure of shale. The extensive datasets of compositional and mechanical properties were analyzed using multi-variate clustering statistics to determine the attributes of active phases present in shale at microscales. Our chemomechanical analysis confirmed that the porous clay (PC) mechanical phase inferred by statistical indentation corresponds to the clay mineral phase defined strictly on chemical grounds. The characteristic stiffness and hardness behaviors of the PC are realized spatially in regions removed from silt inclusions of quartz and feldspar. At the microscale shared by indentation and WDS experiments, a consistent chemomechanical signature for shale emerges in which the heterogeneities of the PC are captured by the standard deviations of indentation properties and concentrations of chemical elements. However, these local behaviors are of second order compared to the global trend observed for mean mechanical properties and the clay packing density, which synthesizes the relative volumes of clay and nanoporosity in the material. The coupled statistical indentation and WDS technique represents a viable approach to characterize the chemomechanics of shale and other natural porous composites at a consistent scale below the macroscopic level.

VL - 7 IS - 4 JO - Acta Geotech. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nano-Engineering of Concrete JF - Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Y1 - 2012 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

This paper summarizes recent developments in the field of nanoindentation analysis of highly heterogeneous composites. The fundamental idea of the proposed approach is that it is possible to assess nanostructure from the implementation of micromechanics-based scaling relations for a large array of nanoindentation tests on heterogeneous materials. We illustrate this approach through the application to calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), the binding phase of all cement-based materials. For this important class of materials, we show that C-S-H exists in at least three structurally distinct but compositionally similar forms: low density, high density and ultra-high density. These three forms differ merely in the packing density of 5-nm sized particles. The proposed approach also gives access to the solid particle properties of C-S-H, which can now be compared with results from atomistic simulations. By way of conclusion, we show how this approach provides a new way of analyzing complex hydrated nanocomposites, in addition to classical microscopy techniques and chemical analysis. This approach will turn out invaluable in our quest of adding the necessary “green” value to a commodity, concrete, by nano-engineering higher strength and toughness from first principles.

VL - 37 IS - 2 JO - Arab J Sci Eng ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanoscale Elastic Properties of Montmorillonite upon Water Adsorption JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2012 A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Andrew J. Whittle AB -
Abstract Image

Smectites are an important group of clay minerals that experience swelling upon water adsorption. This paper uses molecular dynamics with the CLAYFF force field to simulate isothermal isobaric water adsorption of interlayer Wyoming Na-montmorillonite, a member of the smectite group. Nanoscale elastic properties of the clay–interlayer water system are calculated from the potential energy of the model system. The transverse isotropic symmetry of the elastic constant matrix was assessed by calculating Euclidean and Riemannian distance metrics. Simulated elastic constants of the clay mineral are compared with available results from acoustic and nanoindentation measurements.

VL - 28 IS - 49 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nanostructure and nanomechanics of cement: polydisperse colloidal packing JF - Physical review letters Y1 - 2012 A1 - Enrico Masoero A1 - Emanuela Del Gado A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Sidney Yip AB -

Cement setting and cohesion are governed by the precipitation and growth of calcium-silicate-hydrate, through a complex evolution of microstructure. A colloidal model to describe nucleation, packing, and rigidity of calcium-silicate-hydrate aggregates is proposed. Polydispersity and particle size dependent cohesion strength combine to produce a spectrum of packing fractions and of corresponding elastic properties that can be tested against nanoindentation experiments. Implications regarding plastic deformations and reconciling current structural characterizations are discussed.

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Figure

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VL - 109 IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nonlinear effects of particle shape angularity in sheared granular media JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2012 A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

We analyze the effects of particle shape angularity on the macroscopic shear behavior and texture of granular packings simulated by means of the contact dynamics method. The particles are regular polygons with an increasing number of sides ranging from 3 (triangles) to 60. The packings are analyzed in the steady shear state in terms of their shear strength, packing fraction, connectivity, and fabric and force anisotropies, as functions of the angularity. An interesting finding is that the shear strength increases with angularity up to a maximum value and saturates as the particles become more angular (below six sides). In contrast, the packing fraction declines towards a constant value, so that the packings of more angular particles are looser but have higher shear strength. We show that the increase of the shear strength at low angularity is due to an increase of both contact and force anisotropies, and the saturation of the shear strength for higher angularities is a consequence of a rapid fall-off of the contact and normal force anisotropies compensated by an increase of the tangential force anisotropy. This transition reflects clearly the rather special geometrical properties of these highly angular shapes, implying that the stability of the packing relies strongly on the side-side contacts and the mobilization of friction forces.

VL - 86 IS - 4 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Particle shape dependence in 2D granular media JF - EPL (Europhysics Letters) Y1 - 2012 A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Krzysztof Szarf A1 - Charles Voivret A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Vincent Richefeu A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Gael Combe A1 - Cécile Nouguier-Lehon A1 - Pascal Villard A1 - Philippe Sornay A1 - Marie Chaze A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

Particle shape is a key to the space-filling and strength properties of granular matter. We consider a shape parameter

η describing the degree of distortion from a perfectly spherical shape. Encompassing most specific shape characteristics such as elongation, angularity and non-convexity, η is a low-order but generic parameter that we used in a numerical benchmark test for a systematic investigation of shape dependence in sheared granular packings composed of particles of different shapes. We find that the shear strength is an increasing function of η with nearly the same trend for all shapes, the differences appearing thus to be of second order compared to η. We also observe a non-trivial behavior of packing fraction which, for all our simulated shapes, increases with η from the random close packing fraction for disks, reaches a peak considerably higher than that for disks, and subsequently declines as η is further increased. These findings suggest that a low-order description of particle shape accounts for the principal trends of packing fraction and shear strength. Hence, the effect of second-order shape parameters may be investigated by considering different shapes at the same level of η.

VL - 98 IS - 4 JO - EPL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Poromechanics of microporous media JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2012 A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Microporous media, i.e., porous media made of pores with a nanometer size, are important for a variety of applications, for instance for sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal, or for storage of hydrogen in metal-organic frameworks. In a pore of nanometer size, fluid molecules are not in their bulk state anymore since they interact with the atoms of the solid: they are said to be in an adsorbed state. For such microporous media, conventional poromechanics breaks down.

In this work we derive poroelastic constitutive equations which are valid for a generic porous medium, i.e., even for a porous medium with pores of nanometer size. The complete determination of the poromechanical behavior of a microporous medium requires knowing how the amount of fluid adsorbed depends on both the fluid bulk pressure and the strain of the medium. The derived constitutive equations are validated with the help of molecular simulations on one-dimensional microporous media. Even when a microporous medium behaves linearly in the absence of any fluid (i.e., its bulk modulus does not depend on strain), we show that fluid adsorption can induce non-linear behavior (i.e., its drained bulk modulus can then depend significantly on strain). We also show that adsorption can lead to an apparent Biot coefficient of the microporous medium greater than unity or smaller than zero.

The poromechanical response of a microporous medium to adsorption significantly depends on the pore size distribution. Indeed, the commensurability (i.e., the ratio of the size of the pores to that of the fluid molecules) proves to play a major role. For a one-dimensional model of micropores with a variety of pore sizes, molecular simulations show that the amount of adsorbed fluid depends linearly on the strain of the medium. We derive linearized constitutive equations which are valid when such a linear dependence of the adsorbed amount of fluid on the strain is observed.

As an application, the case of methane and coal is considered. Molecular simulations of an adsorption of methane on a microporous realistic model for coal are performed with a flexible solid skeleton. The applicability of the set of linearized constitutive equations to this case is discussed and the results are shown to be consistent with swelling data measured during a classical adsorption experiment.

Example of molecular configuration. The fluid molecules can enter or leave the ...

Amount of fluid molecules adsorbed per unit length of the undeformed chain, in ...

Apparent tangent drained bulk modulus Kt of the crystalline chain.

VL - 60 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantifying plasticity-independent creep compliance and relaxation of viscoelastoplastic materials under contact loading JF - Journal of Materials Research Y1 - 2012 A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Tweedie, Catherine A. A1 - Constantinides, Georgios A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Krystyn J. Van Vliet AB -

Here we quantify the time-dependent mechanical properties of a linear viscoelastoplastic material under contact loading. For contact load relaxation, we showed that the relaxation modulus can be measured independently of concurrent plasticity exhibited during the loading phase. For indentation creep, we showed that the rate of change of the contact creep compliance can be measured independently of any plastic deformation exhibited during loading through , where a(t) is the contact radius, h(t) is the displacement of the contact probe, and Pmax is the constant applied load during the creep phase. These analytical relations were compared with numerical simulations of conical indentation creep for a viscoelastoplastic material and validated against sharp indentation creep experiments conducted on polystyrene. The derived relations enable extraction of viscoelastic material characteristics, even if sharp probes confer concurrent plasticity, applicable for a general axisymmetric contact probe geometry and a general time-independent plasticity.

VL - 27 IS - 01 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Set in stone? A perspective on the concrete sustainability challenge JF - MRS bulletin Y1 - 2012 A1 - Krystyn J. Van Vliet A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Markus J Buehler A1 - Jeffrey C Grossman A1 - Hamlin M. Jennings A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Sidney Yip AB -

As the most abundant engineered material on Earth, concrete is essential to the physical infrastructure of all modern societies. There are no known materials that can replace concrete in terms of cost and availability. There are, however, environmental concerns, including the significant CO2 emissions associated with cement production, which create new incentives for university–industry collaboration to address concrete sustainability. Herein, we examine one aspect of this challenge—the translation of scientific understanding at the microscale into industrial innovation at the macroscale—by seeking improvements in cement-paste processing, performance, and sustainability through control of the mechanisms that govern microstructure development. Specifically, we consider modeling, simulation, and experimental advances in fracture, dissolution, precipitation, and hydration of cement paste precursors, as well as properties of the hardened cement paste within concrete. The aim of such studies is to optimize the chemical reactivity, mechanical performance, and other physical properties of cement paste to enable more sustainable processing routes for this ubiquitous material.

VL - 37 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Solvated calcium ions in charged silica nanopores JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics Y1 - 2012 A1 - Patrick A Bonnaud A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Hydroxyl surface density in porous silica drops down to nearly zero when the pH of the confined aqueous solution is greater than 10.5. To study such extreme conditions, we developed a model of slit silicananopores where all the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxylated surface are removed and the negative charge of the resulting oxygen dangling bonds is compensated by Ca2+ counterions. We employed grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations to address how the Ca2+ counterions affect the thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of confined water. While most of the Ca2+ counterions arrange themselves according to the so-called “Stern layer,” no diffuse layer is observed. The presence of Ca2+ counterions affects the pore filling for strong confinement where the surfaceeffects are large. At full loading, no significant changes are observed in the layering of the first two adsorbed water layers compared to nanopores with fully hydroxylated surfaces. However, the water structure and water orientational ordering with respect to the surface is much more disturbed. Due to the super hydrophilicity of the Ca2+-silica nanopores,waterdynamics is slowed down and vicinal water molecules stick to the pore surface over longer times than in the case of hydroxylated silicasurfaces. These findings, which suggest the breakdown of the linear Poisson–Boltzmann theory, provide important information about the properties of nanoconfined electrolytes upon extreme conditions where the surface charge and ion concentration are large.

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VL - 137 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stability, deformation, and variability of granular fills composed of polyhedral particles JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2012 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Saussine, Gilles A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

By means of extensive contact dynamics simulations, we investigate the mechanical equilibrium and deformation of a granular material composed of irregular polyhedral particles confined between two horizontal frictional planes. We show that, as a consequence of mobilized wall-particle friction forces at the top and bottom boundaries, the transient deformation induced by a constant vertical load is controlled by the aspect ratio (thickness over width) of the packing as well as the stress ratio. The transient deformation declines considerably for increasingly smaller aspect ratios and grows with the stress ratio. From the simulation data for a large number of independent configurations, we find that sample-to-sample fluctuations of the deformation have a broad distribution and they scale with the average deformation. We also analyze the evolution of particle connectivity during settlement and with the applied force. The face-face and edge-face contacts between polyhedral particles concentrate strong force chains with a growing proportion as a function of the applied force.

VL - 86 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Structure and properties of nanoscale materials: theory and atomistic computer simulation JF - International Journal of Nanotechnology Y1 - 2012 A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Marsal, P A1 - Mottet, C A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - F. Ribeiro A1 - Andres Saùl A1 - G. Tréglia A1 - Weissker, H–Ch AB -

We present a review of a few research topics developed within the "Theory and Atomistic Computer Simulation" Department at CINaM. The bottom line of the scientific activity is to use up–to–date theoretical and computer simulation techniques to address physics and materials science problems, often at the nanometric scale, in close contact with experimental groups. It ranges from the study of the structure and properties of molecular systems for organic electronics to metallic clusters and alloys, magnetic oxides, nuclear fuels and carbon–based nanostructures. These studies are motivated by fundamental research questions as well as more applied goals including environmental and energy issues, or information technologies. This broad spectrum of activities requires a large range of techniques, from theory and ab initio calculations to semi–empirical models incorporated in Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations.

VL - 9 IS - 3-7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tensile strength and fracture of cemented granular aggregates JF - The European Physical Journal E Y1 - 2012 A1 - Rafik Affès A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Yann Monerie A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Vincent Topin AB -

Cemented granular aggregates include a broad class of geomaterials such as sedimentary rocks and some biomaterials such as the wheat endosperm. We present a 3D lattice element method for the simulation of such materials, modeled as a jammed assembly of particles bound together by a matrix partially filling the interstitial space. From extensive simulation data, we analyze the mechanical properties of aggregates subjected to tensile loading as a function of matrix volume fraction and particle-matrix adhesion. We observe a linear elastic behavior followed by a brutal failure along a fracture surface. The effective stiffness before failure increases almost linearly with the matrix volume fraction. We show that the tensile strength of the aggregates increases with both the increasing tensile strength at the particle-matrix interface and decreasing stress concentration as a function of matrix volume fraction. The proportion of broken bonds in the particle phase reveals a range of values of the particle-matrix adhesion and matrix volume fraction for which the cracks bypass the particles and hence no particle damage occurs. This limit is shown to depend on the relative toughness of the particle-matrix interface with respect to the particles.

VL - 35 IS - 11 JO - Eur. Phys. J. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermodynamics of Water Confined in Porous Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2012 A1 - Patrick A Bonnaud A1 - Qing Ji A1 - Benoit A. Coasne A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Krystyn J. Van Vliet AB -
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Water within pores of cementitious materials plays a crucial role in the damage processes of cement pastes, particularly in the binding material comprising calcium-silicate-hydrates (C–S–H). Here, we employed Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the properties of water confined at ambient temperature within and between C–S–H nanoparticles or “grains” as a function of the relative humidity (%RH). We address the effect of water on the cohesion of cement pastes by computing fluid internal pressures within and between grains as a function of %RH and intergranular separation distance, from 1 to 10 Å. We found that, within a C–S–H grain and between C–S–H grains, pores are completely filled with water for %RH larger than 20%. While the cohesion of the cement paste is mainly driven by the calcium ions in the C–S–H, water facilitates a disjoining behavior inside a C–S–H grain. Between C–S–H grains, confined water diminishes or enhances the cohesion of the material depending on the intergranular distance. At very low %RH, the loss of water increases the cohesion within a C–S–H grain and reduces the cohesion between C–S–H grains. These findings provide insights into the behavior of C–S–H in dry or high-temperature environments, with a loss of cohesion between C–S–H grains due to the loss of water content. Such quantification provides the necessary baseline to understand cement paste damaging upon extreme thermal, mechanical, and salt-rich environments.

VL - 28 IS - 31 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Understanding and Controlling the Reactivity of the Calcium Silicate phases from First Principles JF - Chemistry of Materials Y1 - 2012 A1 - Engin Durgun A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Jeffrey C Grossman AB -
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First principles calculations are employed to provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the reactivity of synthetic calcium silicate phases and their electronic structure. Our aim is to shed light on the wide range of hydration kinetics observed in different phases of calcium silicate. For example, while the dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) phase slowly reacts with water, the tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5) shows much faster hydration kinetics. We show that the high reactivity of Ca3SiO5 is mainly related to the reactive sites around its more ionic oxygen atoms. Ca2SiO4 does not contain these types of oxygen atoms, although experiments suggest that impurities may play a role in changing the reactivity of these materials. We analyze the electronic structure of a wide range of possible substitutions in both Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 and show that while the influence of different types of impurities on structural properties is similar, their effect on reactivity is very different. Our calculations suggest that the variation of electronic structure is mainly related to the formation of new hybridized orbitals and the charge exchange between the impurity atoms and the bulk material. The charge localization upon introducing impurities is quantified to predict candidate substitutions that could increase the reactivity of Ca2SiO4, which would broaden the applicability of this lower temperature and thus less costly and energetically less demanding phase.

VL - 24 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Use of UHPC in Bridge Structures: Material Modeling and Design JF - Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Y1 - 2012 A1 - Gunes, Oguz A1 - Yesilmen, Seda A1 - Gunes, Burcu A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a promising new class of concrete material that is likely to make a significant contribution to addressing the challenges associated with the load capacity, durability, sustainability, economy, and environmental impact of concrete bridge infrastructures. This paper focuses on the material modeling of UHPC and design of bridge girders made of UHPC. A two-phase model used for modeling the behavior of UHPC was briefly discussed, and the model was implemented in a preliminary design case study. Based on the implemented design and the reported use of UHPC in bridge applications, the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of UHPC bridges were discussed, highlighting the need for innovative research and design to make optimum use of the favorable properties of the material in bridge structures.

JO - Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Adsorption-induced deformation of microporous materials: coal swelling induced by co2–ch4 competitive adsorption JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2011 A1 - Brochard, Laurent A1 - Matthieu Vandamme A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Fen-Chong, Teddy AB -
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Carbon dioxide injection in coal seams is known to improve the methane production of the coal seam, while ensuring a safe and long-term carbon sequestration. This improvement is due to the preferential adsorption of CO2 in coal with respect to CH4: an injection of CO2 thus results in a desorption of CH4. However, this preferential adsorption is also known to cause a differential swelling of coal, which results in a significant decrease in the reservoir permeability during the injection process. Recent studies have shown that adsorption in coal micropores (few angströms in size) is the main cause of the swelling. In this work, we focus on the competitive adsorption behavior of CO2 and CH4 in micropores. We perform molecular simulations of adsorption with a realistic atomistic model for coal. The competitive adsorption is studied at various temperatures and pressures representative of those in geological reservoirs. With the help of a poromechanical model, we then quantify the subsequent differential swelling induced by the computed adsorption behaviors. The differential swelling is almost insensitive to the geological temperatures and pressures considered here and is proportional to the CO2 mole fraction in the coal.

VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An atomistic modelling of the porosity impact on UO2 matrix macroscopic properties JF - Journal of Nuclear Materials Y1 - 2011 A1 - Andrei Jelea A1 - Colbert, M. A1 - F. Ribeiro A1 - G. Tréglia A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

The porosity impact on the UO2 matrix thermomechanical properties was investigated using atomistic simulation techniques. The porosity modifies the thermal expansion coefficient and this is attributed to pore surface effects. The elastic moduli at 0 K and at finite temperature decrease with porosity, this variation being well approximated using affine functions. These results agree with other mesoscale model predictions and experimental data, showing the ability of the semiempirical potential atomistic simulations to give an overall good description of the porous UO2. However, the surface effects are incompletely described.

Fig. 1. The UO2 elementary cell contains 12 atoms: 4 uranium atoms (large spheres)…

 fig.=

Fig. 3. Example of 6×6×6 one pore relaxed supercells of different pore radius (4, 6 and…

Fig. 4. One layer of UO2 as considered in the present work: top – the (100)…

Fig. 5. Variation of the UO2 thermal expansion coefficient versus temperature: top –…

Fig. 6. Variation of the shear modulus (G) and Young’s modulus (E) versus porosity at 0K

VL - 415 IS - 2 JO - Journal of Nuclear Materials ER - TY - Generic T1 - Compressive strength of an unsaturated granular material during cementation T2 - Symposium on Science and Technology of Powders and Sintered Materials (STPMF 2009) Y1 - 2011 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Soulié, Fabien A1 - Moulay Saïd El Youssoufi A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

The cohesive behaviour of unsaturated granular materials is due to the presence of cohesive bonds between grains. These bonds can have various physico-chemical characteristics and may evolve with environmental conditions. We study the case of a granular material partially saturated by an aqueous solution. The bonds are thus initially of capillary type and the mechanical strength is weak. At low relative humidity, the phase change of water involves crystallization of the solute at the contact points between grains, generating thus solid bonds. The mechanical strength of the material is then enhanced. An experimental study of the evolution of the mechanical strength during crystallization of the solute shows clearly the transition from capillary regime to cemented regime. This transition is not correlated with the mass of the crystallized solute, but rather with the residual degree of saturation. This behavior is analyzed here in the light of discrete element simulations. We introduce a local cohesion law that accounts for transition from capillary to cemented bonding. This law is formulated in terms of the degree of crystallization as a result of the evaporation of water at the boundary of the sample. The cohesion of the packing is initially of capillary type. A crystallization front then spreads from the sample boundaries to the center of the sample, and the strength increases as a result. Uniaxial compression allows us to determine the strength at different times. The numerical strength agrees well with the experimental data, and reveals strength enhancement as the solute crystallizes, as well as the transition from capillary to cementation regime.

JF - Symposium on Science and Technology of Powders and Sintered Materials (STPMF 2009) CY - MAY 25-27 2009 Montpellier, FRANCE VL - POWDER TECHNOLOGY JO - Powder Technology ER - TY - Generic T1 - Creep behaviour of confined layers of polyhedral grains T2 - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) Y1 - 2011 A1 - Quezada, Juan Carlos A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Breul, Pierre A1 - Saussine, Gilles ED - Onate, E ED - Owen, DRJ AB -

By means of contact dynamics simulations, we investigate the creep deformation of a thin granular layer composed of irregular polyhedral particles under the action of a constant vertical overload applied on a horizontal wall on top of the layer. We show that the total deformation induced by the overload increases with the ratio between the vertical and confining horizontal stresses and the aspect ratio of the sample. The effect of the aspect ratio is a consequence of the mobilized wall-grain friction forces at the top and bottom boundaries, that lead to enhanced strength by stabilizing strong force chains at the center of the sample. We also evidence the influence of loading history due to strain-induced fabric change or inertial effects resulting from the instant application of the overload. The topology of the contact network evolves in close correlation with creep. In particular, the face/face contacts between polyhedral particles concentrate largest force chains and their number is an increasing function of creep. A crucial feature of a confined granular system is the statistical variability of the mechanical response that we analyzed for creep deformations by performing a large number of simulations for independent initial configurations. Our data indicate that the distribution of fluctuations with respect to the mean creep falls off exponentially.

JF - 2nd International Conference on Particle-Based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications (Particles) CY - OCT 26-28 2011 Barcelona, SPAIN VL - PARTICLE-BASED METHODS II: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS UR - https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00761094 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Enhanced CO2 Solubility in Hybrid MCM-41: Molecular Simulations and Experiments JF - Langmuir Y1 - 2011 A1 - Linh Ngoc Ho A1 - Perez Pellitero, Javier A1 - Porcheron, Fabien A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -
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Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are performed in a hybrid adsorbent model in order to interpret the CO2 solubility behavior. The hybrid adsorbent is prepared by confining a physical solvent (OMCTS) into the pores of a mimetic MCM-41 solid support. As a result, simulated adsorption isotherms of CO2 nicely match the experimental data for three distinctive systems: bulk solvent, raw MCM-41, and hybrid MCM-41. The microscopic mechanisms underlying the apparition of enhanced solubility are then clearly identified. In fact, the presence of solvent molecules favors the layering of CO2 molecules within the pores; therefore, the CO2 solubility in the hybrid adsorbent markedly increases in comparison to that found in the raw adsorbent as well as in the bulk solvent. In addition, a good understanding of confined solvents’ properties and solid surface structures is essential to fully evaluate the efficiency of hybrid adsorbents in capturing CO2. The sorbent–solid interactions along with the solvent molecular size’s impact on CO2 solubility are therefore investigated in this study. We found that an ideal hybrid system should possess a weak solvent–solid interaction but a strong solvent–CO2 interaction. Besides, an optimal solvent size is obtained for the enhanced CO2 solubility in the hybrid system. According to the simulation results, the solvent layer builds pseudomicropores inside the mesoporous MCM-41, enabling more CO2 molecules to be absorbed under the greater influence of spatial confinement and surface interaction. In addition, the molecular sieving effect is clearly observed in the case of larger solvent molecular sizes.

VL - 27 IS - 13 JO - Langmuir ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From liquid to solid bonding in cohesive granular media JF - Mechanics of Materials Y1 - 2011 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Soulié, Fabien A1 - Moulay Saïd El Youssoufi A1 - Farhang Radjaï AB -

We study the transition of a granular packing from liquid to solid bonding in the course of drying. The particles are initially wetted by a liquid brine and the cohesion of the packing is ensured by capillary forces, but the crystallization of the solute transforms the liquid bonds into partially cemented bonds. This transition is evidenced experimentally by measuring the compressive strength of the samples at regular intervals of times. Our experimental data reveal three regimes: (1) Up to a critical degree of saturation, no solid bonds are formed and the cohesion remains practically constant; (2) The onset of cementation occurs at the surface and a front spreads towards the center of the sample with a nonlinear increase of the cohesion; (3) All bonds are partially cemented when the cementation front reaches the center of the sample, but the cohesion increases rapidly due to the strengthening of cemented bonds. We introduce a model based on a parametric cohesion law at the bonds and a bond crystallization parameter. This model predicts correctly the phase transition and the relation between microscopic and macroscopic cohesion.

Fig. 1. (a) Photograph of the sample in the process of drying; (b) The press used for…

Fig. 2. Compressive yield stress σY, normalized by the yield stress σLY due only to…

Fig. 3. Photograph of a partially dried sample in the second regime

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the evolution of bridge: from a liquid to a solid…

Fig. 5. Evolution of the global crystallization index with time; solid line:…

Fig. 6. The parametric adhesion law

VL - 43 IS - 10 JO - Mechanics of Materials ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Glassy Nature of Water in an Ultraconfining Disordered Material: The Case of Calcium−Silicate−Hydrate JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society Y1 - 2011 A1 - Youssef, Mostafa A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Bilge Yildiz AB -
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We present the structural and dynamic nature of water ultraconfined in the quasi-two-dimensional nanopores of the highly disordered calcium−silicate−hydrate (C-S-H), the major binding phase in cement. Our approach is based on classical molecular simulations. We demonstrate that the C-S-H nanopore space is hydrophilic, particularly because of the nonbridging oxygen atoms on the disordered silicate chains which serve as hydrogen-bond acceptor sites, directionally orienting the hydrogen atoms of the interfacial water molecules toward the calcium−silicate layers. The water in this interlayer space adopts a unique multirange structure: a distorted tetrahedral coordination at short range up to 2.7 Å, a disordered structure similar to that of dense fluids and supercooled phases at intermediate range up to 4.2 Å, and persisting spatial correlations through dipole−dipole interactions up to 10 Å. A three-stage dynamics governs the mean square displacement (MSD) of water molecules, with a clear cage stage characteristic of the dynamics in supercooled liquids and glasses, consistent with its intermediate-range structure identified here. At the intermediate time scales corresponding to the β-relaxation of glassy materials, coincident with the cage stage in MSD, the non-Gaussian parameter indicates a significant heterogeneity in the translational dynamics. This dynamic heterogeneity is induced primarily because of the heterogeneity in the distribution of hydrogen bond strengths. The strongly attractive interactions of water molecules with the calcium silicate walls serve to constrain their motion. Our findings have important implications on describing the cohesion and mechanical behavior of cement from its setting to its aging.

VL - 133 IS - 8 JO - J. Am. Chem. Soc. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Identification of rolling resistance as a shape parameter in sheared granular media JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2011 A1 - Estrada, Nicolas A1 - Emilien Azéma A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Taboada, Alfredo AB -

Using contact dynamics simulations, we compare the effect of rolling resistance at the contacts in granular systems composed of disks with the effect of angularity in granular systems composed of regular polygonal particles. In simple shear conditions, we consider four aspects of the mechanical behavior of these systems in the steady state: shear strength, solid fraction, force and fabric anisotropies, and probability distribution of contact forces. Our main finding is that, based on the energy dissipation associated with relative rotation between two particles in contact, the effect of rolling resistance can explicitly be identified with that of the number of sides in a regular polygonal particle. This finding supports the use of rolling resistance as a shape parameter accounting for particle angularity and shows unambiguously that one of the main influencing factors behind the mechanical behavior of granular systems composed of noncircular particles is the partial hindrance of rotations as a result of angular particle shape.

VL - 84 IS - 1 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Impact of Chemical Impurities on the Crystalline Cement Clinker Phases Determined by Atomistic Simulations JF - Crystal Growth & Design Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hegoi Manzano A1 - Engin Durgun A1 - Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Jeffrey C Grossman AB -
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The presence of chemical substitutions is believed to play a crucial role in the hydration reactions, structure, and elastic properties of cement clinker phases. Hence, substitutions are of great technological interest, as more efficient production of cement clinkers would result in a reduction of CO2 emissions, as well as possible economic benefits. Here we use a combination of classical and quantum mechanical simulation methods to study the detailed physicochemical changes of the clinker phases alite (Ca3SiO5) and belite (Ca2SiO4) when Mg2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ guest ions are incorporated into their structure. Using classical force field methods, we considered random substitutions among possible sites and different compositions in order to identify the preferential substitution sites on the crystalline structures. Then, the resulting structural changes that take place to accommodate the guest ions are investigated and discussed in detail. Using quantum mechanical density functional theory calculations the electronic structure of representative configurations has been computed to determine the potential impact of impurities on the reactivity.

VL - 11 IS - 7 JO - Crystal Growth & Design ER - TY - Generic T1 - Modeling Porous Granular Aggregates T2 - 9th International Workshop on Buifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) Y1 - 2011 A1 - Rafik Affès A1 - Vincent Topin A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Yann Monerie ED - Stéphane Bonelli ED - Dascalu, Cristian ED - François Nicot AB -

We rely on 3D simulations based on the Lattice Element Method (LEM) to analyze the failure of porous granular aggregates under tensile loading. We investigate crack growth by considering the number of broken bonds in the particle phase as a function of the matrix volume fraction and particle-matrix adhesion. Three regimes are evidenced, corresponding to no particle damage, particle abrasion and particle fragmentation, respectively. We also show that the probability density of strong stresses falls off exponentially at high particle volume fractions where a percolating network of jammed particles occurs. Decreasing the matrix volume fraction leads to increasingly broader stress distribution and hence a higher stress concentration. Our findings are in agreement with 2D results previously reported in the literature.

JF - 9th International Workshop on Buifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) PB - Springer Netherlands CY - MAY 23-26 2011 Porquerolles, FRANCE VL - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering - ADVANCES IN BIFURCATION AND DEGRADATION IN GEOMATERIALS SN - 978-94-007-1420-5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multitechnique Investigation of Extruded Clay Brick Microstructure JF - Journal of the American Ceramic Society Y1 - 2011 A1 - Konrad J. Krakowiak A1 - Lourenco, Paulo B. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

Despite the omnipresence of clay brick as construction material since thousands of years, fundamental knowledge about the link between composition, microstructure, and mechanical performance is still scarce. In this paper, we use a variety of advanced techniques of experimental mechanics and material characterization for extruded clay brick for masonry, that range from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, to instrumented nanoindentation and macroscopic strength and durability tests. We find that extruded clay brick possesses a hierarchical microstructure: depending on the firing temperature, a “glassy” matrix phase, which manifests itself at submicrometer scales in form of neo-crystals of mullite, spinel-type phase, and other accessory minerals, forms either a granular or a continuum matrix phase that hosts at submillimeter scale the porosity. This porous composite forms the backbone for macroscopic material performance of extruded brick, including anisotropic strength, elasticity, and water absorption behavior.

VL - 94 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The nanogranular origin of friction and cohesion in shale-A strength homogenization approach to interpretation of nanoindentation results JF - International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Y1 - 2011 A1 - Bobko, Christopher P. A1 - Gathier, Benjamin A1 - J. Alberto Ortega A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - Borges, Lavinia A1 - Younane N. Abousleiman AB -

An inverse micromechanics approach allows interpretation of nanoindentation results to deliver cohesive-frictional strength behavior of the porous clay binder phase in shale. A recently developed strength homogenization model, using the Linear Comparison Composite approach, considers porous clay as a granular material with a cohesive-frictional solid phase. This strength homogenization model is employed in a Limit Analysis Solver to study indentation hardness responses and develop scaling relationships for indentation hardness with clay packing density. Using an inverse approach for nanoindentation on a variety of shale materials gives estimates of packing density distributions within each shale and demonstrates that there exists shale-independent scaling relations of the cohesion and of the friction coefficient that vary with clay packing density. It is observed that the friction coefficient, which may be interpreted as a degree of pressure-sensitivity in strength, tends to zero as clay packing density increases to one. In contrast, cohesion reaches its highest value as clay packing density increases to one. The physical origins of these phenomena are discussed, and related to fractal packing of these nanogranular materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

VL - 35 IS - 17 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Onset of Immersed Granular Avalanches by DEM-LBM Approach T2 - 9th International Workshop on Buifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) Y1 - 2011 A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Mansouri, M. A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Moulay Saïd El Youssoufi A1 - Seridi, A. ED - Stéphane Bonelli ED - Dascalu, Cristian ED - François Nicot AB -

We present 3D grain-fluid simulations based on the discrete element method interfaced with the lattice Boltzmann method and applied to investigate the initiation of underwater granular flows. We prepare granular beds of 800 spherical grains with different values of the initial solid fraction in a biperiodic rectangular box. In order to trigger an avalanche, the bed is instantaneously tilted to a finite slope angle above the maximum angle of stability. We simulate the dynamics of the transient flow for different solid fractions. In agreement with the experimental work of Iverson (Water Resour Res 36(7):1897–1910, 2000) and Pailha et al. (Phys Fluids 20(11):111701, 2008), we find that the flow onset is controlled by the initial solid fraction.

JF - 9th International Workshop on Buifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials (IWBDG 2011) PB - Springer Netherlands CY - MAY 23-26 2011 Porquerolles, FRANCE VL - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering - ADVANCES IN BIFURCATION AND DEGRADATION IN GEOMATERIALS SN - 978-94-007-1420-5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Reply to “Comment on ‘Determination of the bulk melting temperature of nickel using Monte Carlo simulations: Inaccuracy of extrapolation from cluster melting temperatures' ” JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2011 A1 - Los, J. H. A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

The thermodynamic integration (TI) method for determining the melting temperature has to be performed with great care to ensure accuracy. Since the slopes of the Gibbs free energy curves as a function of temperature (or pressure) are usually rather close, small shifts in the free energy curves can lead to a large change in the calculated melting temperature. In this Reply to a Comment by Harvey and Gheribi [ Phys. Rev. B 84 096102 (2011)] on our paper [ Phys. Rev. B 81 064112 (2010)], we show that the error in the calculated melting temperature of nickel induced by some technical imperfections in our application of the TI method, as noticed and described in the Comment, is small compared to the error bar given in our paper. We also clarify supposed doubts about the accuracy of the TI method based on Johnson's free energy expression and parametrization [ Johnson et al. Mol. Phys. 78 591 (1993)] of the Lennard-Jones fluid.

VL - 84 IS - 9 JO - Phys. Rev. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rheology of granular materials composed of nonconvex particles JF - Physical Review E Y1 - 2011 A1 - Baptiste Saint-Cyr A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne A1 - Charles Voivret A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Philippe Sornay AB -

By means of contact dynamics simulations, we investigate the shear strength and internal structure of granular materials composed of two-dimensional nonconvex aggregates. We find that the packing fraction first grows as the nonconvexity is increased but declines at higher nonconvexity. This unmonotonic dependence reflects the competing effects of pore size reduction between convex borders of aggregates and gain in porosity at the nonconvex borders that are captured in a simple model fitting nicely the simulation data both in the isotropic and sheared packings. On the other hand, the internal angle of friction increases linearly with nonconvexity and saturates to a value independent of nonconvexity. We show that fabric anisotropy, force anisotropy, and friction mobilization, all enhanced by multiple contacts between aggregates, govern the observed increase of shear strength and its saturation with increasing nonconvexity. The main effect of interlocking is to dislocate frictional dissipation from the locked double and triple contacts between aggregates to the simple contacts between clusters of aggregates. This self-organization of particle motions allows the packing to keep a constant shear strength at high nonconvexity.

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VL - 84 IS - 4 JO - Phys. Rev. E ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The scratch test for strength and fracture toughness determination of oil well cements cured at high temperature and pressure JF - Cement and Concrete Research Y1 - 2011 A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm A1 - James, Simon AB -

Recent advances in scratch test analysis provide new ways to relate measured scratch test properties not only to strength properties but fracture properties of materials as well. Herein, we present an application of such tools to oil well cements cured at high temperatures and pressures. We find a concurrent increase of strength and toughness of different oil well cement baseline formulations which we relate to the water-to-binder ratio for a series of cementitious materials prepared with cement and silica flour. The scratch test thus emerges as a self-consistent technique for both cohesive–frictional strength and fracture properties that is highly reproducible, almost non-destructive, and not more sophisticated than classical compression tests, which makes this ‘old’ test highly attractive for performance-based field applications.

VL - 41 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scratch test model for the determination of fracture toughness JF - Engineering Fracture Mechanics Y1 - 2011 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

We revisit the scratch test within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. In the analysis, we employ an Airy stress function approach to determine stresses and displacement in the vicinity of the scratch-blade–material interface, which serve as input for the evaluation of the energy release rate by means of the J-Integral. In contrast to previous models, the energy release rate thus found scales with the sum of the applied forces squared. This entails a linear relation between the applied forces and , where w is the scratch width and d the scratch depth. This analytical scaling is validated using experimental scratch data on cement paste and sandstone, which shows that the proposed approach provides a convenient way to determine the fracture toughness from scratch tests carried out with different scratch widths and depths

VL - 78 IS - 2 JO - Engineering Fracture Mechanics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scratching as a Fracture Process: From Butter to Steel JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2011 A1 - Ange-Therese Akono A1 - Reis, P. M. A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

We present results of a hybrid experimental and theoretical investigation of the fracture scaling in scratch tests and show that scratching is a fracture dominated process. Validated for paraffin wax, cement paste, Jurassic limestone and steel, we derive a model that provides a quantitative means to relate quantities measured in scratch tests to fracture properties of materials at multiple scales. The scalability of scratching for different probes and depths opens new venues towards miniaturization of our technique, to extract fracture properties of materials at even smaller length scales.

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VL - 106 IS - 20 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Multiscale and Multiphysics Processes in Geomechanics SIMULATION OF HYDRATION AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MONTMORILLONITE USING MOLECULAR DYNAMICS T2 - International Workshop on Multiscale and Multiphysics Processes in Geomechanics Y1 - 2011 A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Andrew J. Whittle A1 - Ebrahimi, Davoud ED - Borja, Ronaldo I. ED - Wu, Wei AB -

This article describes molecular-level simulations of the adsorption isotherm and elastic properties for a Wyoming Na-montmorillonite using the General Utility Lattice Program. The selected clay mineral includes isomorphous substitutions in both the silica tetrahedral and octahedral gibbsite sheets. The resulting negative charges are balanced by Na+ cations. The authors have investigated the importance of different interatomic potentials in understanding the adsorption of water molecules (at ambient temperature, 300K). A unique combination of NPT and Grand Canonical ensemble simulations using Core–Shell potential shows intra-layer adsorption, while the same approach based on empirical CLAYFF potential produces only interlayer water adsorption. There is a correspondingly large difference in the theoretical elastic modulus normal to the clay sheets using the two different sets of force potentials. This article discusses the underlying reasons for these differences and reviews the experimental evidence supporting intra-layer water absorption in montmorillonite.

JF - International Workshop on Multiscale and Multiphysics Processes in Geomechanics PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg CY - JUN 23-25 2010 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA VL - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering SN - 978-3-642-19629-4 ER - TY - Generic T1 - STRENGTH HOMOGENIZATION FOR COHESIVE-FRICTIONAL COMPOSITES: A LINEAR COMPARISON COMPOSITE APPROACH T2 - International Workshop on Multiscale and Multiphysics Processes in Geomechanics Y1 - 2011 A1 - J. Alberto Ortega A1 - Gathier, Benjamin A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm ED - Wu, Wei ED - Borja, Ronaldo I. AB -

In this work, we address the homogenization of cohesive-frictional strength properties of composite materials through the application of the Linear Comparison Composite (LCC) theory. The LCC methodology is implemented in a multiscale strength model relevant to geomaterials with heterogeneities associated with pore spaces and rigid-like grains. The proposed micromechanics solutions offer quantitative assessments of the effects of grain-scale properties and microstructure on the overall strength of the composite material Keywordscohesive-frictional materials–linear comparison composite

JF - International Workshop on Multiscale and Multiphysics Processes in Geomechanics PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg CY - JUN 23-25 2010 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA VL - Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering SN - 978-3-642-19629-4 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Stress fields in granular solids: Effect of composition T2 - Symposium on Science and Technology of Powders and Sintered Materials (STPMF 2009) Y1 - 2011 A1 - Vincent Topin A1 - Farhang Radjaï A1 - Jean-Yves Delenne AB -

We use the lattice element method to investigate stress fields at the sub-particle scale in granular solids composed of particles embedded in a cementing matrix. The stress distributions are found to be similar in 2D and 3D samples subjected to vertical loading with free lateral boundaries. We find that the number of strong forces falls off exponentially at high particle volume fractions where a percolating network of jammed particles occurs. The influence of the matrix volume fraction and particle/matrix stiffness ratio with respect to stress distribution is analyzed in 2D and 3D. We show that both decreasing the matrix volume fraction and increasing the stiffness ratio lead to increasingly broader distributions within a limit beyond which the distribution is independent of one or both of these parameters.

JF - Symposium on Science and Technology of Powders and Sintered Materials (STPMF 2009) CY - MAY 25-27 2009 Montpellier, FRANCE VL - POWDER TECHNOLOGY JO - Powder Technology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tight binding within the fourth moment approximation: Efficient implementation and application to liquid Ni droplet diffusion on graphene JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2011 A1 - Los, J. H. A1 - Christophe Bichara A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq AB -

Application of the fourth moment approximation (FMA) to the local density of states within a tight binding description to build a reactive, interatomic interaction potential for use in large scale molecular simulations, is a logical and significant step forward to improve the second moment approximation, standing at the basis of several, widely used (semi-)empirical interatomic interaction models. In this paper we present a sufficiently detailed description of the FMA and its technical implications, containing the essential elements for an efficient implementation in a simulation code. Using a recent, existing FMA-based model for C-Ni systems, we investigated the size dependence of the diffusion of a liquid Ni cluster on a graphene sheet and find a power law dependence of the diffusion constant on the cluster size (number of cluster atoms) with an exponent very close to −2/3, equal to a previously found exponent for the relatively fast diffusion of solid clusters on a substrate with incommensurate lattice matching. The cluster diffusion exponent gives rise to a specific contribution to the cluster growth law, which is due to cluster coalescence. This is confirmed by a simulation for Ni cluster growth on graphene, which shows that cluster coalescence dominates the initial stage of growth, overruling Oswald ripening.

VL - 84 IS - 8 JO - Phys. Rev. B ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Empirical force fields for complex hydrated calcio-silicate layered materials JF - Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. Y1 - 2010 A1 - Rouzbeh Shahsavari A1 - Roland Jean-Marc Pellenq A1 - Franz-Josef Ulm AB -

The use of empirical force fields is now a standard approach in predicting the properties of hydrated oxides which are omnipresent in both natural and engineering applications. Transferability of force fields to analogous hydrated oxides without rigorous investigations may result in misleading property predictions. Herein, we focus on two common empirical force fields, the simple point charge ClayFF potential and the core-shell potential to study tobermorite minerals, the most prominent family of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates that are complex hydrated oxides. We benchmark the predictive capabilities of these force fields against first principles results. While the structural information seem to be in close agreement with DFT results, we find that for higher order properties such as elastic constants, the core-shell potential quantitatively improves upon the simple point charge model, and shows a larger degree of transferability to complex materials. In return, to remedy the deficiencies of the simple point charge potential for hydrated calcio-silicates, we suggest using both structural data and elasticity data for potential calibration, a new force field potential, CSH-FF. This re-parameterized version of ClayFF is then applied to simulating an atomistic model of cement (Pellenq et al., PNAS, 2009). We demonstrate that this force field improves the predictive capabilities of ClayFF, being considerably less computational intensive than the core-shell model.

VL - 13 IS - 3 JO - Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. ER -